Cross-cuting interdisciplinary course project

1 2 3

Ім'я файлу: Course Work Project Final.docx
Розширення: docx
Розмір: 290кб.
Дата: 23.02.2023
скачати
Пов'язані файли:
Від зернини до хлібини.doc
Дорослі стали ми.docx
Вправа.docx
информатика.rtf
264-Текст статті-252-1-10-20210513.pdf
Артемов Роман.docx
ref_8688_parta_ua.doc

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF UKRAINE

National Aviation University
Air Transportation Management Department

CROSS-CUTING INTERDISCIPLINARY COURSE PROJECT
Theme: Grounding of cargo delivery routes in case of mixed air-road traffic
Performed by: ________student of the group OP-202 Ba Tymoshenko M.A.
Checked by: ________________ Senior Lecturer G. Ga. Volkovska

Kyiv 2021

Анотація

Завданням цієї Курсової Роботи є розгляд маршрутів доставки вантажів шляхом змішаних повітряно-дорожніх маршрутів, цілі цих маршрутів і на чому вони грунтуются та з чого вони складаються, а також розглянути основи роботи обох видів транспорту, інформацію про мультимодальні перевезення та пов’язанні з цим закони, про контейнеризацію як частину мультимодальних перевезннь і закони які регулюють перевезення та транспорт

Annotation

The purpose of this course work is to consider the routes of delivery of goods by mixed air routes, the purpose of these routes and what they are based on and what they consist of, as well as to consider the basics of both modes of transport, information on multimodal transport and related laws, about containerization as part of multimodal transportation and laws governing transportation and transport
Ключові слова: Контейнеризація, мультимодальні перевезння, повітряний транспорт, дорожній транспорт, клімат, закони.
Keywords: Containerization, multimodal transportation, air transport, road transport, climate, laws.

CONTENTS

Introduction ..………………………………….………………………………..

Analytical Part page 5 ……………………………………...……...….…....
1. Multimodal Transportation 5 page ………………………………………...
2. Technical-Economical Characteristics of Transport 11 page …………….
3. Containerization in Ukraine 18 page ………………………………………
4. Documentation of Transportation 22 page ……………………………….
5. Modern Transport Companies 26 page ……………………………………

2. Design Part page 30…………………………………………………………...

2.1 Calculation of the flight indicators of aircrafts and constructing of

the graphs of dependence on flight range: aircraft productivity per flight 30 page………………………………………………………………………..

2.2 Results of calculations 36 page…………………………………………

Conclusion 40 page ……………………………………………………………..

List of References 41 page……………………………………………………...

INTRODUCTION

Nowadays, multimodal transportation is extremely important. The reason for this is to transport over long distances between different countries, which encourages the use of two and more types of transport. Multimodal transportation provides huge benefits when using, however, have substantial minuses. For the sake of ensuring the integrity of cargo and transport, the deliver should know everything about the transport used and how to use it more profitable for itself. With the growth of world trade, the need for improving multimodal transportation will only grow.
The object of research is “Grounding of cargo delivery routes in case of mixed air-road traffic”

The subject of investigation if Multimodal Transportation

The objective of the research is to obtain information and make a conclusion of object and subject of research

Methods of research are information search at available sources

Analytical Part

“Grounding of cargo delivery routes in case of mixed air-road traffic”
1.1 “Multimodal transportation”

Mixed, or as they are also called, multimodal cargo transportation, are divided into, in fact, multimodal, intermodal transportation, and separate(segmented) transportation. But before we talk about transportations itself we should remember what cargo is.

In recent years, the term “multimodal message” has been used more and more often. the use of several types of transport for one transportation. It is more correct to understand this term not as a synonym for the concept of "mixed traffic", but as a characteristic of a new stage in the logistic interaction of modes of transport. Multimodal transportation is called transportation in which the person organizing it (freight forwarder-logistician) is responsible for the cargo along the entire route, regardless of the number of modes of transport involved in transportation when issuing a single transportation document. Multimodality, as a concept, refers to transport infrastructure and vehicles, logistics terminals, control systems.

When carrying out multimodal transportation, cargo can be repeatedly reloaded from one mode of transport to another. If, at the same time, the transported goods are unloaded from the rolling stock of one type of transport, stored at transfer points, loaded into a vehicle of another type of transport, then this leads to a significant increase in the delivery time of goods, a decrease in their safety (for example, due to incomplete extraction of goods from rolling stock, mixing part of the cargo with the ground and the rest of other cargo in the temporary storage warehouse, etc.).

Therefore, for multimodal transportation, intermodal technology is used, a distinctive feature of which is uninterrupted loading, i.e. e. transportation is carried out without reloading into another cargo container along the route. Thus, we can talk about a multimodal system, within which intermodal technology is used, which is one of the ways of executing a multimodal message. The use of intermodal technology reduces delivery times and cargo losses, reduces the labor intensity of reloading operations and the need for reloading mechanisms and equipment. [16]

In economics, the words cargo and freight refer in particular to goods or produce being conveyed—generally for commercial gain—by water, air or land. Cargo was originally a shipload. Cargo now covers all types of freight, including that carried by rail, van, truck, or intermodal container. The term freight is commonly used to describe the movements of flows of goods being transported by any mode of transportation

The distribution of traffic between modes of transport reflects the place and role of each of them in the country's economy. The main quantitative indicators characterizing this distribution are the volume of freight traffic (in tons) and freight turnover (in ton-kilometres) performed by one or another mode of transport. The most generalizing of these two natural indicators is cargo turnover, which takes into account not only the volume of transported goods, but also the distance of their transportation. The distribution of productive forces, the development of natural resources in new regions, the development of industrial and agricultural production, capital construction and trade in the country have a great influence on the turnover of all types of transport.

Now we talk about specification of Multimodal cargo transportations and their types.

• Separate(Segmented) transportation – transportation in which the carrier organizes transportation and assumes responsibility only for that part of transportation which carries out itself.

• Intermodal transportation – It involves the use of several modes of transport, which, however, are subject to centralized management.

• Multimodal transportation – They provide for cooperation with several transport companies, which transfer cargo to each other in a chain, using different modes of transport. [1] Table 1. “Transportation types comparison”

Features	Multimodal Transportation	Intermodal Transportation	Separate transportations
Loading, unloading	If not using containers, then used reloading from one type of transport to another	Allow to use advantages if different types of transport, simultaneously using the same cargo unit (container/trailer)	Loading in point of origin, unloading in point of destination
Number of modes of transport	Consecutively two or more	Consecutively two or more	One
Risks of transporting of cargo	Depend on contract conditions (seller or buyer)	Carrier undertakes all risks	Depend on contract conditions(seller or buyer)
Number of transport documents	Two or more	Multimodal transport bill of lading FIATA FBL	One
Waste of time in transportation	Waste of time determined in connection with time to unload and docking items	Optimization of time of transportation in dependence of used modes of transport and routes	Depend on chosen mode of transport
Cargo damage potential	High risk of damaging of cargo and rarely inability to find out stage of transportation on which loss happens	Low risk of damaging due to output of container unit processing	Depend on chosen mode of transport
Size of cargo	Size of cargo and completeness depend on abilities of each carrier and each mode of transport	Ability to transport several large-sized cargoes at time	Cargo dimensions and completeness depend on carrier and mode of transport
Customs clearance	Depend on contract conditions(seller or buyer)	Transport company or by conditions of contract	Depend on contract conditions(seller or buyer)

[1]

Mixed cargo transportation means the transportation of goods at once by several different types of transport, at least two. Multimodal transportation is mixed cargo transportation, with the obligatory signing by the parties of an agreement, according to which, from the destination point of one country (state) in which the cargo entered the jurisdiction of a multimodal transportation company, the cargo will be transported to the agreed place of delivery in another country (state). They include the use of different modes of transport, including: sea, road, aviation, rail.

Let’s firstly observe disadvantages and advantages of this types of transportations:

Advantages & Disadvantages

Reducing of customer spending Necessary stevedoring work when changing modes of transport

Reducing delivery time

Difficulty in finding proper professional carrier

Ability to transport all types of cargo from each point of Earth

Time problems – cargo can be delayed or shipment just did not arrive on time

Product safety. By cooperating with one trusted carrier, the client will be able to eliminate the risk of damage to the goods or their loss. Using of different type of transport can cause problem by means of weather or temperature (exception for trains/rail)

If most of the condition is met – the fastest and safest way to transport goods

Features of multimodal transportation

Multimodal international transportation is used in such cases: there is no direct communication by a single mode of transport between the sender and the recipient of the cargo; direct communication with a single mode of transport is not suitable for the consignee due to high prices or long delivery times; The recipient of the cargo can also order transportation by different types of transport from different carriers, this type of transportation is called intermodal. There is a definite difference between multimodal and intermodal transport. Compared to multimodal, the latter has a number of disadvantages: the amount of organizational and paperwork increases; it is very difficult to find the guilty party if the goods are received not on time, or in an imperfect condition; if carriers do not use their own transport, then the price is higher, since the number of agents and their agency fees increases. [10]

Any multimodal transportation has only one drawback - a large number of connections and reloading of goods. Therefore, when deciding in favor of multimodal transportation, the reliability of the transport company plays an important role. [10]

Depending on the type of transport used on the main section of the route, there are: rail, water (sea, river), air and road transport.

Trucking falls into the multimodal category, when a complex scheme is used with the collection of cargo from several suppliers by small vehicles, followed by its consolidation and further delivery by more lifting vehicles. Or vice versa, when the main route of the goods is in large-sized transport, and in the field, targeted delivery to different recipients is carried out, with one customer. This scheme is considered one of the most difficult. It is more often used for exporting products, for example, to several EU countries, where customs legislation is more loyal than in the countries of our region. For imports, multimodal road transport is rarely used, as it involves several customs clearances. And with us it is easier and cheaper to clear the entire consignment of goods at once. For this purpose, you can hire your representative at customs (broker).

Water, they are also container multimodal transportation, in its pure form is very rare, because the sender and the recipient are rarely connected by a single water artery. The most popular terms of delivery of goods in the foreign trade market are FOB. When exporting, this means that you undertake to deliver the goods to the port and carry out loading on the ship at your own expense, after which your responsibility ends, i.e. there is simply no room for multimodality. When importing on FOB terms, you order and pay the price of freight by sea, port work and the cost of container transportation by rail or road to the place of customs clearance. When deciding on a general contractor, pay attention to the cost of the section of the route from the port to customs. The price of sea freight and loading and unloading works directly depends on the shipping line and most of the market operators are able to offer almost identical prices, your task is to remind them of this. The price of freight forwarding services can vary greatly, depending on whether the general carrier has its own fleet of tractors.

Multimodal rail transportation implies a long journey of goods by rail after transshipment at the port, delivery of goods by road from a warehouse to a wagon, or vice versa. Airplane with railway transport is combined in very rare cases. Towards a multimodal railway transportation is resorted to for the transportation of certain groups of goods (grain, bulk, container, etc.) in large industrial quantities in order to reduce the cost of its final cost due to the lower price of railway. transport. When ordering such transportation, you should check with the potential contractor whether he works directly with the owners and operators of rolling stock, otherwise the main advantage of multimodal rail transportation, the low price, is offset by additional agency fees.

It is more expedient to order multimodal air carriers from a large operator working with air transport. From a financial point of view, the use of multimodal air transportation is beneficial when delivering small-sized cargo in a short time. When deciding to place an order, specify which airlines your future partner is the agent of. If the list is extensive, then you have a better chance of getting the best price and optimal route. A large share in the air transportation market is occupied by large international operators, which also have their own fleet of vehicles. We recommend placing an order for multimodal air transportation with them. [10]
Multimodal transportation can be direct and indirect.

Indirect transportation is carried out on the basis of several contracts, the stages of transportation have a different legal regime, the freight forwarder organizes the transportation of cargo. Direct transportation has a through document, which is subject to all stages of transportation and all types of transport involved. The main feature of direct transportation is the presence of a person who is responsible for the safety of the cargo along the entire route, that is, performs the function of a single carrier (as was stated about in “Separate Transportations” and table).

Direct transportation means the transportation of one loaded vehicle on another (container by car from the place of departure to the place of delivery). Indirect transportation means alternating transportation of a loaded unit by several modes of transport (the container is transported first by car, then on a railway platform, then again by car).

In case of multimodal transportation, cargo delivery is carried out sequentially by several types of transport with the transfer of cargo at transhipment points from one type of transport to another. At the beginning of the 90s, most freight traffic was carried out with the participation of two or more modes of transport, that is, it was multimodal transport. Thus, rail transport, when interacting with road transport, transports approximately 3570 of all goods. 80% of freight flows of railway transport originate and are extinguished on the access roads of enterprises, that is, on industrial transport. Sea transport carries out over 9070 transportations with the participation of rail in mixed rail-sea traffic and in direct water communication with the participation of river transport. Inland waterway transport also performs almost 9070 of the total volume of traffic with the participation of other types of transport (rail, road and sea), and only 10-1596 - between points of departure and destination located on the river ways.

The reason for such a wide development of mixed traffic is primarily the fact that of all the universal modes of transport, only road transport can perform door-to-door transportation. "Rail and water transport have this opportunity only if each client has access railways and berths, respectively. Basically, railway and water transport perform transportation as mainline modes of transport, and related modes of transport are involved in transportation as delivering to the mainline or exporting from it.

Despite the fairly widespread development of multimodal transport, in the transport system only a relatively small part of them is taken into account by statistics as actually mixed and is called “DIRECT multimodal transport.” Direct multimodal transport is issued with one transport document - a waybill for the entire route, for example, by rail and river transport. This does not require the clientele to reissue documents, reduce the storage time of goods at transhipment points, while most of the actually mixed transportations are formalized in separate documents and are not formally considered mixed.

Combined transport is operations with cargo modules. Any transportation of this type will always be mixed, but not all multimodal transportation can be called combined. Consider intermodal transportation, this is a mixed combined transportation with a logistics organization, which has a scheme of interaction between transportation participants and a high degree of their integration.

1.2 Technical-Economical Characteristics of Transport
So as my work are about air-road traffic let me give an information about it technical-economical characteristic of road and air transport respectively.

Based on the analysis, the technical and economic indicators of the use of vehicles are calculated, the carrying capacity, the coefficient of using the carrying capacity (depending on the type of cargo and the type of transport), the speed of movement with a load and empty, the norms of time for loading and unloading operations. Based on this data, the need for vehicles is calculated.

The choice of vehicles must be economically justified. For this purpose, the technical and economic indicators of various vehicles are determined (carrying capacity, the coefficient of using the carrying capacity, the speed of movement with a load and empty, maneuverability, norms of time for loading and unloading operations), taking into account the distance of movement of goods, their weight and physical and chemical properties, volume freight traffic. Air separation products are delivered to consumers in gaseous and liquid state. The ratio between container weight and gas improves dramatically when transporting gases in a liquid state.

The centralization of management and planning of the work of road transport enterprises at the level of the association has contributed to an increase in the technical and economic indicators of operation funds by maneuvering them, improving the organization of their operation and repair. [13]

Technical and economic indicators of the work of freight transport are divided into quantitative and qualitative. Quantitative technical and economic indicators include:

indicators of rolling stock use;
indicators of vehicle productivity;
indicators of traffic volumes cargo and the need for vehicles.

At the same time, these groups contain both general indicators inherent in all modes of transport, and specific, reflecting the characteristics of each of them. For road transport: internal combustion engine load factor, vehicle fleet utilization factor, vehicle mileage utilization factor, average daily car mileage, vehicle load capacity utilization factor.

In air transport - commercial aircraft load capacity utilization factor. { {1}}

General vehicle performance indicators include:

1. Vehicle generation loss factor - characterizes the losses associated with the reliability of the vehicle and the insufficient level of its use.

2. Average age of valid vehicles .

3. Service life of the vehicle.

4. Amount of depreciation of vehicles.

The following partial performance indicators are applied: of a truck, the annual productivity of one average listed car-ton, average operating speed.

In air transport - the performance of an aircraft and a helicopter.

Indicators of the volume of cargo transportation and the need for vehicles for each type of transport have their own specific features and corresponding calculations.

For road transport - the need for trucks and road trains in general, with a ring system of route transportation, with a pendulum scheme of route transportation.

High-quality technical and economic transport performance indicators reflect the final result of transportation - the use of the delivered cargo, its use value (utility), which depends on a number of general and specific quantitative indicators inherent in specific modes of transport, embodied in traditional technical, operational and economic indicators used in planning practice, analysis and evaluation of the work of the transport sector.

To the qualitative indicators of the work of tra The following are included in the export of goods:

• regularity and timing of delivery of goods to consumers;

• economy;

• adaptability to transport properties cargo;

• observance of the synchronization of cycles "production – transportation sale";

• reliability of operation and ease of use of vehicles by cargo owners;

• ensuring the fulfillment of the required volumes of cargo work;

• the ability to carry out freight traffic using modern progressive transport technologies when transporting bulk and small-batch cargo, cargo in packages, on pallets, in containers;

• ensuring the delivery of goods at the request of cargo owners. [14]
The large role of road transport in the country's transport market is due

to its specific features and advantages over other modes of transport, which are as follows: high manoeuvrability and mobility, allowing you to quickly concentrate vehicles in the required number and in the right place, the ability to provide door-to-door delivery '' without additional transhipments of transfers along the route; high speed of delivery and ensuring the safety of goods, especially when transporting over short distances, a wide scope of application by types of goods, communication systems and transportation distances; the need for less capital investment in the construction of highways with small flows of goods and passengers (with large ones, they approach the cost of railway construction). The most effective area of using road transport is short-range transportation. The average distance of transportation of 1 ton of cargo is 20-21 km. [3]

The rolling stock of road transport includes cars of various modifications, semi-trailers and trailers. Cars can be divided into trucks, passenger cars and special cars. Freight rolling stock includes universal flatbed of all brands, dump trucks, tractor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers. A towing vehicle with a trailer or semi-trailer is called a road train. [3]

Unfortunately, a relatively small volume of cargo is transported by air, however, these are valuable medicines, which require especially urgent delivery, medicines, humanitarian aid, perishable goods, precious metals, mail. [3]

Today, the main role of air transport tends to transport passengers, which is explained by the main technical and economic features of air transport in passenger transport: high speed of delivery of passengers, manoeuvrability in the organization of passenger traffic, long non-stop flight range and shorter distances of air routes compared to passenger routes by other means of transport. [3]

However, all named factors can also be used in cargo transportation.

The operation of any type of transport depends on the weather and climate. But the strongest impact of weather is on air and water transport. This is due to the fact that many atmospheric phenomena are dangerous for them. To make flights safe, a lot of work had to be done to re-equip meteorological stations. The achievements of radio engineering, electronics, telemechanics are widely used, the method of weather forecasting has been improved, and air and sea vessels are supplied with the most complex and most accurate aeronautical devices.[4]

Weather conditions interfere with the regularity of flights. This leads not only to flight delays and postponement, but also to significant material losses. In case of unfavourable weather, the duration of the flight increases, which means that airlines incur additional fuel costs and the motor resources of airliners are consumed. Air companies in the USA and Great Britain annually lose up to 5% of their annual income due to bad weather.[4]

What meteorological conditions impede the flight? It is a turbulent air that causes aircraft turbulence, thunderstorms, hail, aircraft icing, dust and sand storms, squalls, tornadoes, fogs, snowstorms and heavy rainfall.[4]

Cancellation of flights and refund of tickets purchased by passengers, change of routes and additional costs arising from this, increase in flight duration and additional costs for fuel, consumption of motor resources, payment for services and flight support, depreciation of equipment. For example, in the United States and Great Britain, airline losses due to weather account for 2.5 to 5% of total annual income annually. In addition, disruption to the regularity of flights brings moral damage to airlines, which ultimately also results in a decrease in revenues. [6]

Improvement of the on-board and ground equipment of aircraft landing systems allows to reduce the so-called landing minima and thereby reduce the percentage of violations of the regularity of departures and landings due to unfavourable meteorological conditions at destination airports. What meteorological conditions can impede or hinder flights? [6]

These are, first of all, the conditions of the so-called weather minima - visibility range, height of the cloud base, wind speed and direction, set for pilots (depending on their qualifications), aircraft (depending on their type) and aerodromes (depending on their technical equipment and terrain characteristics). In actual weather conditions below the established minima, flights are prohibited for safety reasons. [6]

Among the large number of minima set depending on the qualifications of pilots, equipment of aerodromes and aircraft, as well as the geography of the terrain, there are three categories of ICAO international minima in terms of cloud height and visibility at the airport, in accordance with which it is allowed to take off and land aircraft in difficult conditions. weather conditions in the following categories:

- the visibility range is not less than 800 m and the height of the clouds is not less than 60 m;

- the visibility range is not less than 400 m and the height of the clouds is not less than 30 m;

- the visibility range is not less than 200 m and the height of the clouds is unlimited. [6]

In climatology, an applied direction has emerged - aviation climatology, which studies the influence of climatic factors on aviation technology and aviation activities. In aviation climatology, methods are being developed for calculating climatic indicators characterizing flight conditions, which are taken into account when flying aircraft and operating airfields, and analysing the climates of different territories of the planet in relation to aviation. [4]

A special place is occupied by specialized meteorological support of road transport in cities.

Road transport as an integral element economic activity is included in all industries production sphere. Cars for various purposes widely used in industrial plants, in communal, special and hydraulic engineering construction, open pit mining, blanks wood, etc. From the efficiency of the automotive transport largely depends on the development of natural resources.

The specificity of the work of road transport is next. Throughout the year directly transport operations are carried out on an open air.

Meteorological conditions affect not only the process of transporting goods, but also for all road construction and road pavement repair work.[5]

Modern road maintenance is characterized by large loads on the road surface. Temperature changes wind speed and direction and precipitation amount strong influence on the condition of roads. Road construction work is usually carried out during the period of the year when temperature regime meets the standards of use construction material and work technology, including the use of road cars. However, during the warm season the following unfavourable weather conditions affect the year: prolonged heavy rainfall, heavy rains and heavy winds.

In the absence of reference information on the stability of soil roads and the need for road transport outside roads with hard surface assessment of soil thawing depth, made according to meteorological data, allows you to choose optimal route.

Ice is a direct threat to vehicles, with which more than 50% of road traffic accidents are associated. For any roads to adverse weather conditions include long rain and showers, especially on rural roads.

Meteorological support of road transport carried out in a variety of physical and geographical and industrial conditions, on routes of various lengths, difficulties, in cities, in industrial enterprises, in the field of mining minerals, etc. Variety of automotive tasks transport leads to an increasingly selective specialized provision of it.[5]

In everyday operational conditions, road transport the following meteorological information is required:

• Actual data on the current weather for the purpose of awareness dependence of motor transport works at the moment;

• daily and semidiurnal forecasts as per basing points road transport, and along highways, along which specialized software is installed. [5]

Also in cargo transportation, problem of climate influence on goods which are transported are important.

During transportation and storage, goods are exposed to meteorological conditions. Changes that may occur in products under the influence of meteorological conditions can be both reversible and irreversible. Reversible are changes that completely disappear after termination or reduction of this external influence. Adverse effects of climate and weather during transportation and storage of goods can be eliminated or at least reduced, if it is known what consequences the change leads to complex of meteorological conditions for transported goods. It's better in total, changes in the composition and quality of cargo during sea transportation. Sea cargo is subdivided into general, bulk and liquid. [5]

The influence of meteorological conditions for containers and cargo in them. When the ship rolls on containers start to act inertia force proportionally the values of the vertical acceleration of the ship's deck. Inertial forces acting on the container and cargo create conditions that complicate ensuring the safety of their transportation. Under the influence of the rolling of the vessel, the cargo in a container if it is loosely packed and without adequate fasteners can move inside the container. From this arise damage to the cargo itself in containers, adjacent containers and devices for their fastening. [5]

Containerization is a system of intermodal freight transport using intermodal containers (also called shipping containers and ISO containers). The containers have standardized dimensions. They can be loaded and unloaded, stacked, transported efficiently over long distances, and transferred from one mode of transport to another—container ships, rail transport flatcars, and semi-trailer trucks—without being opened. The handling system is completely mechanized so that all handling is done with cranes and special forklift trucks. All containers are numbered and tracked using computerized systems.

Containerization originated several centuries ago but was not well developed or widely applied until after World War II, when it dramatically reduced the costs of transport, supported the post-war boom in international trade, and was a major element in globalization. Containerization did away with the manual sorting of most shipments and the need for warehousing. It displaced many thousands of dock workers who formerly handled break bulk cargo. Containerization also reduced congestion in ports, significantly shortened shipping time and reduced losses from damage and theft.

In Western Europe, mass container shipping has been practiced since the late 60s. Initially, sea transportation between the United States and Europe was mastered, which in turn contributed to the "development of ports and the construction of large container ships. The development of sea container transport required improvements in rail transport and led to the introduction of containerization in rail and road transport, as well as on inland waterways. The leading place in domestic container transportation in Western Europe is taken by rail. [7]

The development of container transportation by rail has contributed to the creation of special means and equipment for handling containers at points of transshipment from one mode of transport to another. The growth in the volume of container traffic has led to the introduction of a system of container block trains to serve end points (terminals) in ports and on railways. The end points are equipped with loading and unloading equipment to service all types of combined transport. In the opinion of Western experts, container transportation has made it possible to increase labor productivity by four to five times and reduce the cost of loading and unloading by one and a half to two times in a short period. [7]

The management of railway container transportation in Western Europe is carried out by the Intercontainer company, which was founded in 1967 by the railway companies of most Western European countries in order to develop container transportation. The company organizes the carriage of goods in piece containers, small container consignments, special trains and trans-European container express trains. The latter are made up of standard platforms and run at high speed to their destination without sorting. [7]

At present, in Western Europe, the container transport network has more than 20 routes that connect the most important centers (Fig. 1). The speed of container trains on these lines reaches 120 km / h. By 1980 it is planned to have 25 routes. For the transportation of piece containers and small quantities of them, Intercontainer also widely uses trans-European freight trains. [7]

Transport aviation is also used for container transportation. However, container transport by air is still at an early stage of development and is not included in the general system of combined transport of heavy containers. [7]

Transportation of containers by air is being mastered, for example, by the West German aviation company Lufthansa, which has Boeing 707, 727 and 747 cargo aircraft in operation. It was one of the first in Europe to introduce container transportation on international airlines, and in particular on the lines connecting Germany with the United States. Aviation containers are built taking into account the dimensions of the cargo compartments of aircraft and, as a rule, cannot be used for combined transport.

1.3 Containerization in Ukraine

Before information about containerization in Ukraine, we will find out what containerization is in general.

Improving transport services is a top priority for professional carriers. Today, most transport companies offer not only prompt delivery of goods, but also related services that make transportation more cost-effective and of high quality. Today, the transportation of goods in containers is in great demand. They help to increase the efficiency of cargo transportation by simplifying and reducing the downtime of vehicles, reducing the overall cost of cargo delivery. [11]

Containers are mainly used when transporting a large amount of cargo. In this case, transportation has several advantages over other types of transportation. We will consider exactly what advantages containerization has below. Thanks to containers, loading and unloading operations are simplified. They are carried out with the least risk of damage to the cargo, and the time of loading and unloading is also reduced. The reduction in time is especially noticeable when using multimodal or intermodal transport, when the number of transshipment points increases significantly. Due to the completeness of the cargo in containers, the number of loading and unloading facilities is also reduced, which the carrier can also save on. [11]

Significantly reduces transportation costs using containers carrying cargo of various kinds and types, unless, of course, this does not contradict the rules of transportation. By concluding an agreement with a large transport company, transportation will be carried out in containers of any capacity and by any means of transport. When transporting over long distances, it will be very useful to select several types of transport in order to reduce transportation costs. After the conclusion of the contract, the company will be responsible for the loss of cargo, the efficiency of customs clearance, etc. As for customs control, everything is simple with container transportation. When loading and unloading, it is enough to check the presence of a seal on the container, which means that the container was not opened during transportation. By using container railway transportation, all participants in this transport process benefit. The shipper, entrusting the cargo to the transport company, can be sure of the safety and quality of transportation. The consignee will not waste time recounting packages or weighing the goods. He will only need to check for seals. The carrier, in the form of a transport company, makes a profit for the performed transportation, and the simplification of loading and unloading operations only increases it. Ultimately, container shipping meets the requirements of all three participants in the transportation process. [11]
Containerization plays vital role in upgrading multimodal transportation in Ukraine to another level.

The factors that increase the efficiency of mixed air-road transport are: the use of a centralized system of delivery and removal of goods by road transport of large specialized motor transport enterprises; containerization of transportation; concentration of transhipment, warehouse and other cargo operations at a small number of well-equipped stations or near airports and container points with the creation of an optimal network of transport and warehouse bases (terminals) that perform distribution functions and are called distribution centers abroad; creation of joint enterprises of railway and road transport, providing door-to-door delivery of goods; application of logistics principles of technology, organization and management of the transportation process with delivery of goods through the system "just in time".

Ukraine now stays a "grey" zone in the international container traffic network. This is stated in the concept of development of multimodal transportation in Ukraine, presented by the Ministry of Infrastructure.

The information states that containerization in Ukraine is only 0.5%, while in Belarus - 15%, and in the EU - 45%. The volume of cargo transportation in Ukraine in containers in 2018 amounted to: by rail - 0.32 million TEU, by road - 0.61 million TEU. At the same time, last year the volume of container transportation by rail in Russia amounted to 4 million TEU, in the EU - 30 million TEU. The main reasons for such low indicators of Ukraine are the lack of state policy on container transportation and the lack of developed transport infrastructure.

Among the priority areas for the development of multimodal transport in the Ministry of Infrastructure of Ukraine see: combined transport of goods by road / rail and road / water transport.

Benefits of using containers:

• Reducing the cost of packing goods and containers;

• Increased cargo safety;

• There is no need to reload the goods to the warehouse when changing vehicles.

Figure 1.1 “Containerization in Europe”

It is also worth noting a convenient delivery process, since universal fasteners and standard sizes allow the container to be moved to another type of transport as mobile as possible, while requiring a minimum of time and labour. One of the strengths is the minimization of human labour costs, since the main delivery processes are mechanized, which in turn significantly reduces the cost of transportation. [2]

Containerizations it’s the real way into multimodal future but mostly it’s required such called “Logistic Terminals”.

Logistic terminals are warehouses with a high degree of mechanization of loading operations and automation of accounting for processed goods.

Organization of the Logistic Terminal is a separate type of business, which includes:

1. Acceptance of goods. Unloading large-capacity (auto and railway) transport,

2. Storage of goods. Layout of goods in storage areas with preliminary marking for automation of accounting and fast index search.

3. Packing of goods. Completion of various options according to the customer's

order.

4. Product packaging. It is used to preserve the presentation.

5. Shipment of goods to small-scale transport.

6. Extract of accompanying documents.

7. Automated reporting on various customer requests.
The transfer of these functions to the Logistics Terminal brings significant cost savings to trade and sales enterprises and brings a good income to the company - the Logistics Operator.

As soon as the transportation of cargo in containers began to be practiced, it became necessary to create a transport document in accordance with the new conditions of intermodal transportation. The document must be through, negotiable, giving the right to dispose of the cargo and following along with the container during its transfer from one mode of transport to another. The operator will be responsible for carriage under this document.

But nevertheless the evolution in this industry has stepped hyperbolic steps from the transport of goods by nomadic camels and donkeys to the sea transport of goods in containers, which became feasible at the end of the 15th century, thanks to the opening of sea routes. Today, containerized cargo transportation is one of the most widespread and demanded methods of delivery of various types of cargo, even to the most remote points of the world geography. Offering a wide range of directions, the most popular are sea container shipping to China, USA, Spain, Argentina, New Zealand, and shipments to Russia, Kazakhstan and neighboring countries do not reduce their positions. Thus, simplifying business and business partnerships around the world.

Container transportation of this type of cargo has earned justified popularity due to a number of advantages such as economy, safety and environmental friendliness. Many shippers prefer this particular type of transportation, although it is not the fastest, primarily due to its low cost. So, for example, in the direction of the port of Odessa (Ukraine) to the port of Guangzhou (China), a container by sea, on average, sails a month. However, it should be noted that the delivery of goods by containers by sea guarantees its safety up to 100%. After all, the constant stay of the cargo in the container guarantees that it will not be harmed in the process of reloading from one vehicle to another. Of course, this indicator can be differentiated depending on the specific delivery object.

Speaking about the advantages of sea transport, it is necessary to note the practically unlimited carrying capacity of the rolling stock, everything is only in the scale of a particular transportation. It will not be difficult for transport companies to satisfy any wish of the customer, to send the cargo in a 20-foot or 40-foot container, it all depends on the scale and capacity of the business that the customer operates. Facilitates container delivery of goods to any place in the world, the coherence of international maritime legislation regulating sea transportation, namely, adherence to the Incoterms conditions.

Due to the high regularity of ships sailing, the risk of untimely shipments is minimized. And the effective cooperation of transport companies with shipping lines has the ability to satisfy any tasks provided by the shipper.

All these advantages, in aggregate, make this type of delivery the most acceptable and reasonable in relation to the cost for the services provided, both for a start-up small business, and and for large business corporations. Frequently faced with the task of delivering or dispatching cargo. And, it is the sea transportation of containers that can guarantee world-class service, absolute safety and security of cargo, as well as full compliance with the conditions according to Incoterms.[15]

1.4 Documentation of Transportation

The preparation and implementation of various cargo transportation involves the registration and receipt of the necessary documents from the relevant authorities. Cargo transportation documentation includes shipping and transport documents. Shipping documents, as a rule, describe the characteristics of the cargo itself (quality, quantity, weight, number of places in transport, etc.), and transport documents contain information about the vehicle used for transportation.

The documentation for the transportation of cargo for each product, depending on its properties, class (large-sized, dangerous and other types of cargo), transportation conditions, type of vehicle and features of application, is different. The following documentation can be included in the package of documents required for transportation:

Waybill - a document that serves to record the driver's work and vehicle mileage, is mandatory when carrying out cargo transportation
Waybill - issued for goods of a commercial nature and is used to keep records of various movements of inventory items using a vehicle, in cases where the goods are not of a commercial nature, as a rule, a weighing act or a measurement report is issued
Special permission required for the transportation of dangerous, bulky, oversized, heavy cargo, etc.
A number of permits for certain types of cargo (veterinary certificate, phytosanitary and sanitary certificate, quarantine certificate, product safety certificate)
Sanitary passport - issued for vehicles that are specially equipped for the transport of food products.
Qualitative certificate - for the transport of food products
Covering list - for container transportation of goods
Packing list

Shipping specification

Packing list
Certificate quality
A number of financial documents for the cargo, which must be available during transportation (invoice, proforma invoice, invoice)
Depending on the mode of transport: CMR waybill, TIR carnet - for road transportation , railway waybill - for railway, cargo manifest, Bill of loading - for sea, air waybill - for transportation by air

Depending on a number of factors, transportation documentation gr A bond can include various types of documents. Moreover, if the cargo goes abroad, it is also required to issue the customs documentation necessary for customs clearance and customs clearance of the cargo at the border. [12]
When transporting goods by various modes of transport on the territory of different regions and states, carriers must comply with various legal norms of the participating countries and international law. The main set of agreements on international maritime transport was concluded in Brussels in 1922. The main documents of international law are conventions, agreements, treaties, resolutions of various international organizations on transport issues, national legislation of individual countries, and trade customs. International treaties that establish mutual rights and obligations of states in the field of transport are called the Convention. Conventions can be bilateral or multilateral, they contain general rules. [8]

Bilateral intergovernmental agreements are developed to facilitate transportation; they may contain norms that eliminate or tame the implementation of certain elements of the transportation process. However, international laws are only binding on countries that have ratified them. Customs can be legalized by the country's Chamber of Commerce, which codifies these customs. Land modes of transport operate on the basis of the Convention on the Contract for the International Carriage of Goods by Road (CMR). Road transport must take into account the requirement of the European agreement on the work of crews of vehicles engaged in international road transport. Since 2005, river transport in Europe has been carrying out transportation on the basis of the Budapest Convention on the contract for the carriage of goods by inland waterways, to which Ukraine joined in 2014. The Convention unifies the rules for international carriage of goods by inland waterways, establishes uniform rules for all participants in the transport process, and creates a condition for expanding navigation on European rivers in the "river-sea" communication. A number of provisions of the Convention contribute to the harmonization of national transport rules with international ones, and develop and supplement the legal framework for river transport. A feature of international law is that when sending goods, they are guided by the laws of the sending country, and receiving the goods occurs according to the laws of the recipient country. Currently, there is no single legislative document regulating the activities of various types of transport in multimodal transportation. Each type of transport tries to defend its rights and interests. Each type of transport has its own legal framework, and changing it in some cases may not always give positive results. In the absence of uniform legal norms in international documents, it is possible to refer to national law, and if there are disagreements here, then international law retains the priority. Multimodal transportation requires the creation of unified national and international documents.[8]

Due to the lack of a single document for multimodal transportation, knowledge of documents on these issues of various types of transport is required. Many international organizations are involved in the regulation of multimodal transport: the International Federation of Freight Forwarders Associations (founded in 1926 and deals with the issues of ensuring the interests of freight forwarders in international traffic), the International Union of Railway and Road Transport, the UN Conference on Trade and Development, the European Conference of Ministers of Transport, EurAsEC Interparliamentary Assembly, International Union of Railways, International Organization for Cooperation between Railways, International Air Transport Association, International Civil Aviation Organization, International Automobile Federation and many others. The problems of development of various types of transport are considered by the regional UN Commissions. For example, within the framework of the Inland Transport Committee of the UN European Economic Policy, working groups have been created for all modes of transport, including combined transport, where they deal with the problems of creating a network of roads and railways on the basis of a coordination plan for their construction and reconstruction according to uniform technical parameters and proposed traffic intensity. [8]

In multimodal traffic, the European Agreement on Important International Combined Transport Lines and Related Installations (AGTC) of 1991, developed by the ITC UNECE, is also applied. It describes the international combined transport network and its technical characteristics, including railway lines and terminals, wheel change stations, rail ferry crossings, the inland waterway network and the need to build new canals when upgrading existing ones.[8]

The practice of European countries shows that it is more cost-effective to use more complex types of transportation. Due to the convenience, speed and reduction of transportation costs, preference is given to intermodal transportation. Virtually any international transportation is multimodal. Their main feature is the delivery of goods by various modes of transport under centralized control. The latter provides for the direct responsibility of one transport company for all stages of delivery. Another advantage of intermodal transportation over all others is not only a single tariff rate, but also a single package of documents, namely a bill of lading for mixed transportation FIATA or FIATA FBL.[1]

This document is copyrighted by FIATA, which has granted its member associations (such as the Institute of Freight Forwarders in the United Kingdom) the right to allow companies that are members of these associations to issue FIATA FBL bills of lading. The member companies of the association must meet the strictest requirements for their financial position, professional qualities and training of staff and provide specific evidence of ensuring adequate coverage (usually by insurance) of the responsibility they assume as a result of the registration of the FIATA FBL bill of loading.[1]

In order to issue a bill of lading, the member companies of the association must meet strict criteria regarding the professional quality and qualification of the staff, financial position, as well as provide proof of ensuring adequate liability coverage. The main functions of the company, which acts as an agent of the cargo owner, include the calculation of the optimal route and the choice of cargo delivery scheme, selection and combination of different modes of transport, concluding contracts with sub-carriers, ensuring the reliability of rates, as well as constant control over movement of goods at any point along the way[1]

The following problems arise on the way of further development of mixed technologies in Ukraine:

• lack of specialized organizational, legal and regulatory framework for the regulation of transport activities;

• the diversity of sectors of the transport sector and the low level of infrastructure of the country;

• insufficient technical equipment of modern logistics centers;

• ineffective and clear mechanism of state support of transport activities in the field of mixed transportation and development of their infrastructure has not been developed. [1]

The solution of these problems requires in-depth study and development of an action strategy. The least costly steps to overcome the existing obstacles on the part of the state may be the coordination of schedules for trains, ships, aircraft, cars, as well as the application of preferential tariffs for mixed transportation. In addition, in order to increase the efficiency of the use and development of inter- and multimodal transport in Ukraine, the following recommendations should be singled out: [1]

1. Create a legal basis for the development of combined transport and their integration with the European multimodal network (TEN-T) .

2. Improve the level of technical equipment of Ukrainian terminals in order to attract additional cargo volumes.

3. Prepare the necessary organizational, technological and legal framework to facilitate customs clearance of goods crossing the state border.

4. To train highly professional specialists in Ukraine in the field of organization of mixed transportation. [1]

1.5 Modern Transport Companies

Leaders of the world market of transport and logistics services

DHL

A major global corporation founded in 1969 as an expeditionary group to deliver documentation from the United States to Honolulu. Gradually, the company has offices in various countries around the world. These included those with whom no one worked in the 1980s - the USSR, the Republic of China, Iraq, Iran and others. From 1998 to 2001, the corporation's shares were gradually bought out by the German postal company Deutsche Post. The name of the famous brand - DHL remained the same. Today, the company ships cargo to 120,000 cities in 120 countries. The number of offices of the organization exceeded 5,000, the number of staff over 275 thousand. man. [9]

Kuehne & Nagel

International transport and logistics company based in Switzerland. It was founded in 1890 in Bremen. Kuehne & Nagel provides services related to sea, land and air transport, including contract logistics. In 2010, the company was the world's leading freight forwarder, accounting for almost 15% of the world's aviation and maritime freight business. As of 2017, Kuehne & Nagel has more than 1,300 branches in 108 countries, employing about 76,000 people. employees. The company came to Russia in 1992. Today in the territory of the Russian Federation there are 6 offices, 5 representative offices and 7 warehouse centers with a total area of more than 133 thousand. sq. The all-Russian license of the customs broker allows to carry out Kuehne & Nagel customs registration of freights of any complexity.

DB Schenker

The well-known transport company Deutsche Bahn Schenker started with a few orders in 1871. At that time, the freight forwarding organization was engaged in the transportation of groupage cargo through its own railway cars and ships plying between the European part of Eurasia and the United States. DB Schenker has been transporting goods for almost 150 years. There are also representative offices in the Russian Federation, in particular, 24 offices with a total staff of 900 employees. The activities of the modern DB company are accountable to the railway company Deutsche Bahn. However, so far this carrier is engaged in freight railway and combined delivery under its own brand, using various modes of transport. [9]

C.H. Robinson

American trucking company, founded in the early 1900s. Robinson originally owned a small wholesale brokerage house that supplied products throughout North Dakota and Minnesota. After a series of mergers, the company gradually expanded its capabilities and by 1997 came with revenue of $ 206 million. In the late 90's, the company set out to expand its presence in international markets. Today it is a major 3PL operator dealing with all types of transportation by any means of transport: rail, road, sea and air. [9]

DSV

Danish transport and logistics company offering transport services globally by road, air, sea and train. Since its foundation in 1976 by nine independent Danish hauliers, the company has achieved rapid expansion and international presence, predominantly through a series of strategic competitor acquisitions, some of the most important ones being Samson Transport (1997), DFDS Dan Transport Group (2000), J.H.Bachmann (2004), Frans Maas (2006), ABX LOGISTICS (2008) and UTi Worldwide, Inc. in 2016. In April 2019, DSV signed an agreement to acquire Panalpina Welttransport (Holding) AG and the deal was closed in August 2019. With headquarters in Hedehusene (near Copenhagen), Denmark, and offices in more than 80 countries, DSV Panalpina employs 55,000 people and collaborates with partners and agents globally. The company is listed on NASDAQ OMX Copenhagen (Copenhagen Stock Exchange) and included in the OMXC25 index as one of the 25 most traded stocks. The company is structured in three divisions, Road, Air & Sea, and Solutions. Its main activities lie within road transport (trucking) networks in Europe, North America and South Africa, and its global air and sea freight forwarding business. The group also has a growing contract logistics business. As part of an asset-light financial strategy to maintain fixed costs at a minimum and be able to quickly respond to market fluctuations, the group does not own any ships or aeroplanes and only a relatively small number of trucks and trailers. [9]

Ukrainian leaders of transport and logistics services

“Trans-Logistics”

In the field of transport services of Ukraine LLC "Trans-Logistics" began its journey in 2008. For 12 years of successful and fruitful work they have established themselves as a reliable partner and managed to win the trust of a large number of customers. The main areas of activity are road transport in international and long-distance traffic. In 2011, we acquired the status of a full member of the International Association of Road Carriers of Ukraine (registered №71929). In 2019, they won the championship in the competition "The best international trucker of Eurasia - 2019" in a subgroup of companies with a fleet of more than 50 vehicles. In 2020, they took first place in the competition "The best carrier of the year AsMAP of Ukraine for 2019", in a subgroup of companies with more than 30 cars.

Development of the market of accessible transport services for clients. To do this, we develop, implement and offer modern, high-tech transport and logistics products.

Trans-Logistics invests in new cars from the world's best manufacturers. Over the past few years, 80 vehicles have been purchased. Currently, more than 80% of our fleet consists of EURO-5 and EURO-6 tractors that meet the highest world criteria of quality and environmental friendliness.

Analytical data on the results of 2019:

477 109 - Delivered cargo (t.)

26 542 402 - Kilometers traveled

231 - Number of customers

25 111 - Orders fulfilled

“Nova Poshta”

Nova Poshta Group provides customers - both businesses and individuals - with a full range of logistics and related services. The Group includes Ukrainian and foreign companies, in particular Nova Poshta, NP Logistic, POST FINANCE and Novaya Poshta Global.

Nova Poshta is a leader in the logistics market, which provides easy delivery to every customer - to the branch, post office, address - and allows thousands of entrepreneurs to create and develop business not only in Ukraine but also abroad. The company's network has more than 6,000 branches throughout Ukraine, and the number of shipments in 2019 alone exceeded 212 million.

“Europe Trans Ltd.”

LLC "Europe-Trans LTD" is one of the largest Ukrainian motor transport enterprises which provides high-quality and operative delivery of freights to any point of Europe, Ukraine and the CIS countries. The main activities of the enterprise - logistics, planning, organization and delivery of material resources from the primary source to the final consumer.

The company provides a full range of work on supply chains in international and national logistics. The company uses all types of land transport, logistics centers and the latest information technology.

The company's mission is to build the largest in Ukraine complex of transport and logistics companies that provide services in the field of transport, warehousing and information logistics - the operator of international transport corridors and national logistics chains of level 4-PL.

Since 2015, Europe-Trans LTD LLC has been part of the UkrLandFarming PLC group of companies.

“Trans-Service-1”

This is a modern Ukrainian transport company, founded in 2003. for transportation of liquid food, chemical, bulk and palletized cargoes by the specialized tank trucks, tilt semi-trailers and dump trucks. The company transports goods across Ukraine and internationally. Trans-Service-1 specializes in the transportation of goods from various industries.

The pace of development of the company, increasing the volume of services and the constant expansion of the geography of cargo delivery contributed to the fact that the company's fleet has grown significantly and today is more than 600 vehicles, including the latest specialized tanks, awning semi-trailers, dump trucks from leading European manufacturers.

Trans-Service-1 works closely with both leading Ukrainian and European transport companies (more than 500 vehicle owners) and can provide complete and uninterrupted transportation of any cargo or facility including all types of transport, creating additional benefits for the client.

The fleet is equipped with a GPS navigation system. Fleet tracking is carried out 24/7.

The company is a member of AsMAP, where it receives the rating of the carrier with the largest number of ECMT books. Carrier's liability insurance (CMR insurance) is issued for each shipment, so you can be completely confident in the safety of your cargo throughout the carriage.

All cars undergo pre-trip inspection and service at their own specialized service station (23 posts), equipped with modern equipment.

“UkrTrans”

Company founded in 2000. The UKRTRANS company with long-term experience and faultless reputation in the market of transport and logistic services carries out the international freight transportations of the European level, offering high-quality service and careful delivery in the most operative terms. We transport food, industrial goods, agricultural products, medicines, furniture, timber, construction materials and other types of cargo with a guarantee of safety and integrity in the countries of the former CIS, Baltic States and Europe.

The company has a huge fleet of trucks, including a full range of semi-trailers, trucks, trawls for high-quality transportation of bulky, perishable and particularly valuable goods abroad. All equipment of our company belongs to the production of the best European manufacturer of trucks - Volvo. Our own maintenance department, equipped with European-style equipment, helps us to keep each unit of equipment in good working order. Our experienced technicians carry out regular diagnostics of transport, carry out replacement of spare parts and expendables and conscientiously prepare trucks for implementation of transportations in the loaded condition on long distances.

1 2 3

скачати