Unit Roofs. Vaults. Floors. Active vocabulary

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Unit 3. Roofs. Vaults. Floors.

Active vocabulary

1. Attic ['ætɪk] мансарда, горище

2. Baked clay [beɪkt 'kleɪ] (syn. terracotta) терракота, обпалена глина

3. Barrel vault ['bærəl'vɔːlt] циліндричне склепіння

4. Bracing ['breɪsɪŋ] кріплення

5. Ceramic tile [sə'ræmɪk taɪl] керамічна плитка

6. Corrugated ['kɔrəgeɪtɪd] рифлений, гофрований

7. Dome [dəum] купол

8. Domed roof [dəumd'ruːf] купольний дах

9. Film [fɪlm] плівка, тонка оболонка

10. Flat roof [flæt'ruːf] плоский дах

11. Flooring ['flɔːrɪŋ] настилання (підлоги); дошки на підлогу

12. Gable roof ['geɪblˌruːf] двосхилий дах

13. Gambrel roof ['gæmbr əl 'ruːf] мансардний дах (на дві сторони)

14. Garret ['gærət] горище, мансарда

15. Groin vault [grɔɪn'vɔːlt] хрестоподібне склепіння

16. Hemispherical [ˌhemɪ'sferɪk(ə)l)] напівсферичний

17. Hip / hipped roof ['hɪp(t)ru:f] чотириcхилий дах, вальмовий дах

18. Interstice [ɪn'tɜːstɪs] щіль, проміжок

19. Layout ['leɪaut] планування, план, розміщення

20. Lean-to (roof) ['liːntuː] односхилий дах

21. Mansard roof ['mænsɑːd 'ruːf] мансардний дах

22. Pitch [pɪʧ] нахил, схил

23. Pitched roof [pɪʧt'ruːf] похилий, схилий дах

24. Precipitation [prɪˌsɪpɪ'teɪʃ(ə)n] опади

25. Pylon ['paɪlɔn] пілон, опора

26. Reed [riːd] очерет

27. Rib vault [rɪb'vɔːlt] ребристе / нервюрне склепіння

28. Roof [ruːf] дах

29. Roofing felt ['ruːfɪŋ'felt] толь, рубероїд

30. Shed [ʃed] навіс

31. Shed roof ['ʃed'ruːf] односхилий дах

32. Sheet metal [ʃiːt'metl] листовий метал

33. Shell vault [ʃel'vɔːlt] склепіння-оболонка

34. Shingle ['ʃɪŋgl] покрівельна дранка, ґонт

35. Slate [sleɪt] шифер

36. Straw [strɔː] солома

37. Subfloor ['sʌbflɔː] накат, настил підлоги під підлоговим покриттям

38. Tar [tɑː] смола, гудрон, дьоготь

39. (To) thatch [θæʧ] покрити соломою (очеретом)

40. Tile [taɪl] черепиця

41. Truss [trʌs] ферма, кроквяна ферма

42. Underfloor heating [͵ʌndə'flɔ:'hiːtɪŋ] опалення, яке проходить під підлогою; опалення шляхом нагрівання панелей підлоги

43. Vaulted roof ['vɔːltɪd'ruːf] склепінчастий дах

44. Vaulting ['vɔːltɪŋ] зведення склепіння

45. Warehouse ['wɛəhaus] (товарний) склад
Pre-reading task

Exercise 34. Work in pairs. Study the photographs of some types of roofs. Matchthe names of the types of roofs with these photographs.Compare your answers with other students’ answers.

___ Gable roof

___ Gambrel roof

___ Hip roof (or hipped roof)

___ Lean-to (or shed roof)
Reading

Exercise35. Read, translate the text and tell if the sentences below are true (T) or false (F). If they are false, correct the information.

1. A roof is the structure forming the upper covering of a building. (T/F)

2. Gable and flat roofs appeared earlier than domes and vaults. (T/F)

3. The flat roofs are widely used where the climate is wet. (T/F)

4. A shed roof is the same as the gable roof. (T/F)

5. Hip roofs are used for homes with more complicated layouts. (T/F)

6. The mansard roof provides extra attic space or other room without building an entire additional floor. (T/F)

7. A hip roof is a type of gable roof with two slopes on each side, the upper slope is less steep than the lower one. (T/F)

8. Unlike flat and gable roofs vaults and domes do not require a supporting framework directly below the vaulting. (T/F)

9. Flat roofs are generally covered with shingles or sheet metal. (T/F)

ROOF

A roof is the covering of a building top which protects against rain, snow, sunlight, wind, and extremes of temperature.

The earliest roofs were thatched roofs that were made of straw, leaves, branches, or reeds; they were usually set at a slope so that rainfall could drain off them. Conical thatched roofs are a good example of this type and are still used in the rural areas of Africa. Thicker branches and timbers were used to span a roof, with clay or some other substance pressed into the interstices between them. With the invention of brick and cut stone for building the dome and vault appeared.

Two main types of roofs are flat roofs and sloping ones. A flat roof has been widely used where the climate is arid and the drainage of water off the roof is of secondary importance. Flat roofs became the most commonly used type to cover warehouses, office buildings, and other commercial buildings, as well as for many residential structures.

Sloping roofs (or pitched roofs) come in many different varieties. The simplest is the lean-to, or shed roof which has only one slope. A roof with two slopes that form an “A” or triangle is called a gable roof. This type of roof was used as early as the temples of ancient Greece and has been a staple of domestic architecture in northern Europe and America for many centuries. It is still a very common form of roof. A hip, or hipped, roof is a gable roof that has sloped instead of vertical ends. Gable and hip roofs can also be used for homes with more complicated layouts. The gambrel roof (Fig. 2.8) is a type of gable roof with two slopes on each side, the upper slope is less steep than the lower one. The mansard roof (Fig. 2.9) is a hipped gambrel roof, having two slopes on every side. It was widely used in Renaissance and Baroque French architecture. Both of aforementioned roof types can provide extra attic space or other room without building an additional floor.

The vault is a parallel series of arches used to form a roof. The most common form is a cylindrical or barrel vault. The dome is a hemispherical structure that can serve as a roof. Vaults and domes do not require a supporting framework directly below the vaulting because they are based on the principle of the arch. But flat and gable roofs require internal supports such as trusses or other bracing.

The external covering of a roof must prevent rainfall or other precipitation from penetrating into a building. There are two main groups of roof coverings. One group consists of a waterproof membrane or film that is applied as a liquid and that repels water after it has dried; the tar that is used to coat roofing felt is the prime example of this type. The other group consists of pieces of a waterproof material arranged in such a way as to prevent the direct passage of water through the joints between those pieces. This group includes shingles made of various materials, tiles made of baked clay or slate, and corrugated sheets of steel, aluminum, lead, copper, or zinc. Flat roofs are covered with roofing felt and tar, while sloping roofs are covered with shingles or sheet metal (from “Architecture”).
Exercise 36. Arrange the following words into 4 groups according to their meaning. Then write the suitable headings for these groups.

, sheet metal, office building, steel, straw, , copper, commercial building, aluminum, shingle, reed, lead, , cut stone, warehouse, lean-to, tile, baked clay, slate, tar, roofing felt, , pylon, , precast concrete, , bracing, attic, waterproof membrane.

2. ___________________ : truss, …

3. ____________________: brick, …

4. ____________________: temple, …
Exercise 37. Replace the words in bold with the synonyms from the text.

1. People often think of poor writers and artists living in garrets (_________), as these rooms were often cheap to rent. 2. In the new plan/scheme (_____________) for the conference hall, the platform is to be placed at the western end. 3. All above-mentioned (___________) materials may be used for constructing the roof. 4. The greenhouse shelters (____________) plants from direct sunlight and severe weather. 5. The discovery (______________) of some materials resulted in appearing of new roof forms. 6. Terracotta (____________) is a close relative to brick and tile but distinguished by the finer quality of the raw material from which it is made.
Exercise 38. Match the terms in the box with the appropriate definition.

gambrel roof, dome, lean-to, mansard roof, truss, hip (hipped) roof, attic, roofing felt, tile, thatched roof, vault, barrel vault, gable roof
Term	Definition
Barrel vault	1. a ceiling or roof consisting of a series of semi- cylindrical arches.
Flat roof	2. the storey under a non-flat roof.
Roof Shapes	3. a four-sided roof having sloping ends and sides.
Gambrel	4. a hipped gambrel roof having two slopes on every side.
tile	5. a manufactured piece of hard-wearing material such as stone, metal or even glass which is used for covering roofs, floors, walls.
	6. a material which is unrolled over supports to make a cheap roof that does not last many years (used on flat-roofed additions to houses on sheds).
Single-pitch roof	7. a roof having only one slope or pitch.
	8. a symmetrical two-sided roof with two slopes, the upper one is less steep.
	9. a roof made of straw.
	10. a roof with two slopes that form an “A” or triangle.
	11. a parallel series of arches used to form a roof.
	12.a hemispherical structure that serves as a roof.
	13. a structural member that is composed of a series of triangles lying in a single plane.

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