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1.02

Just English p 33 tasks 4,6,7,8

Tasks 4

1) deterrence - measures taken to prevent hostile action

2) case study - a detailed analysis of a criminal person or group

3) legislation - a detailed analysis of a criminal person or group

4) retribution - something given or demanded in repayment, especially punishment

5) convict - a person serving a prison sentence

6) rehabilitation - guidance and instruction given to offenders, their beneficial treatment aimed at restitution of positive skills and attitudes

Tasks 6

Cesare Lombroso (1836—1909)

Professor Lombroso is a criminologist whose views, though not altogether correct, caused a lot of interest and made other people look into the problem of crime in a more scientific way. He is regarded as the father of the scientific study of criminals, orcriminology. Lombroso studied at the universities of Padua, Vienna, and Paris, and later he became a professor of psychiatry and forensic medicine, a director of a mental asylum.

In an enormous book called The Criminal, he set out the idea that there is a definite criminal type, who can be recognised by his or her appearance. Some of what he said is difficult to believe. For example, he said that left-handed persons have a criminal instinct. Among the things he considered important were the shape of the head, colour of the hair, the eyes, the curve of the chin and forehead and if the ears stick out.

Lombroso's theories were widely influential in Europe for a time, but his emphasis on hereditary causes of crime was later strongly rejected in favour of environmental factors. Lombroso tried to reform the Italian penal system, and he encouraged more humane and constructive treatment of convicts through the use of work programs intended to make them more productive members of society.

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Чезаре Ломброзо (1836–1909)

Профессор Ломброзо - криминолог, взгляды которого, хотя и не совсем верные, вызвали большой интерес и заставили других взглянуть на проблему преступности с более научной точки зрения. Он считается отцом научного исследования преступников, оркриминологии. Ломброзо учился в университетах Падуи, Вены и Парижа, а позже стал профессором психиатрии и судебной медицины, директором психиатрической больницы.
В огромной книге под названием «Преступник» он изложил идею о существовании определенного типа преступника, которого можно узнать по внешнему виду. Кое-что из того, что он сказал, трудно поверить. Например, он сказал, что у левшей есть криминальный инстинкт. Среди вещей, которые он считал важными, были форма головы, цвет волос, глаз, изгиб подбородка и лба, а также торчащие уши.
Теории Ломброзо какое-то время пользовались широким влиянием в Европе, но его акцент на наследственных причинах преступности позже был решительно отвергнут в пользу факторов окружающей среды. Ломброзо пытался реформировать итальянскую пенитенциарную систему и поощрял более гуманное и конструктивное обращение с осужденными с помощью программ работы, направленных на то, чтобы сделать их более продуктивными членами общества.

Tasks 7

Cesare Lombroso, professor of psychiatry and anthropology at the University of Turin, sought through firsthand observation and measurement of prison  inmates to determine the characteristics of criminal types. Some of his  investigations allowed him to establish the existence of “hereditary criminals”. Lombroso held that such criminals exhibit a higher percentage of physical and mental anomalies than do noncriminals. Among these anomalies, were various unusual skull sizes and asymmetries of the facial bones.
Other scholars helped to introduce the ideas that crime has _multiple_ causes and that most criminals are not born criminal but are shaped by their _upbringing_ and associations. Thus, the emphasis in criminology had turned to experimental _ case studies_ and to preventive and  rehabilitative_ measures. Without this contribution into the scientific study of criminals the present-day alternatives to _capital punishment_ and old-fashioned imprisonment such as probation, _suspended_ sentence, fines, and parole would have been unthinkable.
Tasks 8


  1. What is Cesare Lombroso famous for?

- Cesare Lombroso is very bright and hateful politician, he's actions have destroyed many States and Nations.

2. How did he try to relate criminal behaviour to a person's

appearance?

- He said that left-handed persons have a criminal instinct. Among the things he considered important were the shape of the head, colour of the hair, the eyes, the curve of the chin and forehead and if the ears stick out.

3, What was Lombroso's contribution to the development of

penal system?

  • He defeated the penal system in the image of a drunken master and a body bag

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