Ім'я файлу: Theoretical revision, 1 year.pptx
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konspekt lekcii pliti.doc
Розширення: pptx
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Дата: 02.12.2020
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Пов'язані файли:
konspekt lekcii pliti.doc
English for Engineering THEORETICAL Revision OF GRAMMAR
(теоретичний огляд граматичного матеріалу)
1 year, 1 term
PRESENT SIMPLE/indefinite
| Affirmative | Negative | Interrogative |
| to be I am he, she, it is you, we, they are | to be I am not he, she, it is not you, we, they are not | to be Am I? Is he, she, it? Are you, we, they? |
| to do I have/work/go he has/works/goes you have/work/go | to do I do not have/work/go he does not have/work/go you do not have/work/go | to do Do I work? Does he work? Do you work? |
| USE: permanent states, daily routines, habits, repeated actions, timetables TIME EXPRESSIONS: every, usually, always, often, rarely, sometimes, etc. Ex.: He speaks both French and English. Water is a liquid. |
Present continuous (to be+verb-ing)
| Affirmative | Negative | Interrogative |
| I am working he is working you are working | I am not working he is not working you are not working | Am I working? Is he working? Are you working? |
| USE: actions happening now or around the time of speaking, two actions happening simultaneously, future arrangements TIME EXPRESSIONS: now, at the moment, these days, at present, while, tonight, etc. Ex.: He is presenting the report at the moment. I am doing the presentation at the meeting tonight. |
Present Perfect (have+V-ED/Past participle)
| Affirmative | Negative | Interrogative |
| Regular verb I have worked he has worked you have worked | Regular verb I have not worked he has not worked you have not worked | Regular verb Have I worked? Has he worked? Have you worked? |
| Irregular verb I have bought he has bought you have bought | Irregular verb I have not bought he has not bought you have not bought | Irregular verb Have I bought? Has he bought? Have you bought? |
| USE: actions which happened at an unstated time in the past (the action is more important), experience, results of the actions TIME EXPRESSIONS: for, since, just, already, yet, lately, recently, so far, ever, etc. Ex.: Have you ever conducted the experiments with this substance? I haven’t translated my article yet. |
Present Perfect continuous (have+been+v-ing)
| Affirmative | Negative | Interrogative |
| I have been working he has been working you have been working | I have not been working he has not been working you have not been working | Have I been working? Has he been working? Have you been working? |
| USE: action which started in the past and continues up to the present, action which has recently finished and its result is evident now TIME EXPRESSIONS: for, since, all morning/day etc. Ex.: She has been typing letters for three hours. They are tired. They have been working in the laboratory for six hours. |
Past SIMPLE/indefinite
| Affirmative | Negative | Interrogative |
| to be I was he, she, it was you, we, they were | to be I was not he, she, it was not you, we were not | to be Was I? Was he, she, it? Were you, we, they? |
| to do I had/worked/went he had/worked/went you had/worked/went | to do I did not have/work/go he did not have/work/go you did not have/work/go | to do Did I work? Did he work? Did you work? |
| USE: repeated actions in the past, actions which happened or finished at a definite time in the past. TIME EXPRESSIONS: yesterday, last, ago, in (2019), etc. Ex.: He wrote his article last month. Used to – past habits Ex.: She used to drink a lot of coffee. Did she use to drink a lot of coffee? |
Future simple/indefinite
| Affirmative | Negative | Interrogative |
| to be I will be he, she, it will be you, we, they will be | to be I will not be he, she, it will not be you, we will not be | to be Will I be? Will he, she, it be? Will you, we, they be? |
| to do I will have/work/go he will have/work/go you will have/work/go | to do I will not have/work/go he will not have/work/go you will not have/work/go | to do Will I work? Will he work? Will you work? |
| USE: predictions based on what we believe or think, decisions, promises. TIME EXPRESSIONS: tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next, in a week/year, etc. Ex.: I think I will do the calculations later. Its cold in here. I will close the windows. |
Be going to (present/PAST)
USE: plans, intentions for the near future, predictions based on what we see.
Ex.: He is going to leave the city.
Look! It is going to rain soon.
Are you going to conduct this experiment?
He was not going to present his report to the audience.
FUTURE SIMPLE (Probability): She will publish her article.
GOING TO (Intention) She is going to publish her article.
PRESENT CONTINUOUS (Fixed arrangement) She is publishing her article.
Types of QUESTIONS
1. General or Yes/No Question (relates to the whole sentence)
Did she perform the task? – Yes, she did/No, she didn’t.
Have you done your presentation? – Yes, I have/ No, I haven’t.
Will you buy that PC? – Yes, I will/ No, I won’t.
2. Special or Wh-Question (uses a question word at the beginning)
How many substances do we need for the experiment? Two substances.
BUT: questions about a subject (who? what?): Who goes to the library? I do.
3. Choice Question (with or)
Is he a teacher or a student? He is a teacher.
4. Disjunctive or Tag Question (made up of two parts, the first part is a positive statement, and the second one is negative, or vice-versa)
He is our new teacher of chemistry, isn’t he? Yes, he is.
Adjectives (suffixes and prefixes)
- Verb+-able, -ible, -ant, -ent: changeable, convertible, different;
- Noun +-al, -full, -less, -ive, -ous, -y: formal, hopeless, effective, famous;
- -ish (nationality, some degree of property): Polish, reddish;
- -ic (structure): atomic
Prefixes: in-, un- , im-, ir-, il-(negative): Before l – il-, before r - ir-, before m и p - im-
Indefinite, impossible, irregular, illegal
Adverb
- FORM: adjective + ly