English language for technical colleges

UNIT 1

ABOUT MYSELF

I. Голосні звуки [i], [i:].

II. Text A: «About myself»,

Text B: «My Biography».

III. Особисті займенники, певний і невизначений артикль, множина іменників.

Phonetic warm-up (Фонетична розминка)

Голосний звук [i] При проголошенні короткого голосного звуку [i] кінчик язика знаходиться біля основи нижніх зубів: відтінок російського звуку [і] в словах шити, шило практично збігається з англійським [i]: it, sit, in

Голосний звук [i:] При проголошенні довгого голосного [i:] мова просунутий вперед, кінчик язика стосується нижніх зубів, губи кілька розтягнуті і злегка оголюють зуби. Відтінок російського звуку [і] в словах верба, ярмо, ігри, хати практично збігається з англійським звуком [i:].

Поєднання її, еа - читаються [i:]. Наприклад, meet, peat.

Довгота звуку впливає на лексичне значення слова.

Наприклад: feet (ноги) - fit (вміщатися), steel (сталь) - still (все ще)

Exercise E

I see a sea. I see a clean sheet. I eat meat. I like meat.

I like tea. I make tea. I take tea. I like fine tea. I like fine meals.

People make steel. People make fine steel. People make steel pipes. People make fine steel planes. I like life. I like kind people. I like kind smiles. I feel fine. I smile.

Text A: "ABOUT MYSELF"

Hello, friends. Let me first introduce myself. My name is Ann or Anya for my friends. My surname or last name is Sokolova. I was born on the 2 ^nd of October in Sochi, Krasnodarsky Krai. This is the most beautiful city in Russia situated on the Black Sea coast. Now I am a first-year student at the Technical Academy. In five years I'll be an engineer.

Now let me describe my appearance. I am tall and slim and have fair hair and blue eyes. My friends say that I am pretty. I think I am just good-looking. I love sports and music. I was very serious about a career in gymnastics when I was in the 5 ^th form. But then I broke my arm and doctors didn't let me go in for gymnastics. I love to listen to modern music and dance. I dance a lot and I hope I am good at it. I also love swimming. I always swim in the Black sea when I visit my parents, my dear family.

I would like to tell you about my family. There are five people in our family. My father's name is Vladimir Stepanovich. He is a mathematician by education and businessman by profession. My mother's name is Tatyana Petrovna. She is a housewife. She has much work about the house because I have a younger sister. She is a pupil. My sister Natasha is in the fifth form. My grandmother, my mother's mother, lives with us. She is very kind and helps us a lot.

Our family is very friendly, we have many friends. In summer many relatives come to visit us. And, of course, they use a chance to spend several weeks in beautiful Sochi.

In May I have finished school No 5 in Sochi. I did well in all the subjects but my favourite subjects at school were Physics and Computer Science. I also enjoyed English lessons.

I am very interested in learning English because I always wanted to become a programmer or maybe a businesswoman. I also think that the knowledge of foreign languages ​​helps in everyday life and career.

Two years ago I travelled much around Europe. I have visited France, Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. There the knowledge of English helped me a lot.

As you see, 'my biography isn't very long yet. But we'll meet again in the next lesson and I'll tell you more about myself. See you later ...

Vocabulary:

introduce - представляти, знайомити

Black Sea coast - узбережжя Чорного моря

a first-year student - студент (ка) першого курсу

region - область

appearance - зовнішність

slim - струнка

career - кар'єра

gymnastics - гімнастика

mathematician - математик

housewife - домогосподарка

several - кілька

to do well - зд. встигати

chance - випадок, шанс

kind - добрий

a lot - багато

the Netherlands - Нідерланди

the United Kingdom - Сполучене Королівство (Великобританія) ADD TO YOUR ACTIVE VOCABULARY

(Поповнити СВІЙ АКТИВНИЙ СЛОВНИК):

tall - високий

short - маленького зросту

stout - присадкуватий, кремезний

slim - стрункий

fat - товстий

plumpy - повний

fair hair - світле волосся

blonde - блондин (ка)

brunette - брюнет (ка)

gray hair - сиве волосся

bold headed - лисий

short sighted - короткозорий

smart, clever, bright - розумний (я)

stupid - тупий, дурний

boring - нудний

fun to be with - весела людина

easy to go along - легкий у спілкуванні

quiet - спокійний

impulsive - поривчастий, імпульсивний

aggressive - агресивний

rude - нечемний, грубий

shy, confused - сором'язливий

active - активний

talkative - говіркий

enthusiastic - ентузіаст, витівник

Exercise 1.1. Please, introduce yourself. The questions below will certainly help you:

1. What is your name?

2. Where and when were you born?

3. How old are you?

5. Have you got a family?

6. How many people are there in your family?

7. Do you have brothers, sisters, grandparents in your family?

8. Where do you live?

9. Did you study well at school?

10. What school did you finish?

11. Did your teacher of English help you to choose your future profession?

12. What was your favourite subject?

13. What do you like to read?

14. What sport do you go in for?

15. What are you going to be?

16. Do you still live with your parents?

17. Do you have a girlfriend / boyfriend?

Exercise 1.2. Bring a picture of a person you know well (mother, father, grandfather, friend) to class. Show it and describe that person. Use the active vocabulary of the unit.

Text B: "MY BIOGRAPHY"

after Mark Twain

I was born on the 30-th of November 1 835 in the village of Florida, Missouri. My father was John Marshal Clemens.

According to tradition some of my great-great parents were pirates and slave traders - a respectable trade in the 16-th century. In my time I wished to be a pirate myself.

Florida contained a hundred people and when I was born I increased the population by one per cent. It had two streets and a lot of lanes. Both the streets and the lanes were paved (мостити) with the same material - black mud in wet times, deep dust in dry. Most of the houses were of wood - there were none of brick and none of stone. Everywhere around were fields and woods.

My uncle was a farmer. I have never met a better man than he was. He was a middle-aged man whose head was clear and whose heart was honest and simple. I stayed at his house for three months every year till I was thirteen years old. Nowhere else was I happier than at his house. He had eight children and owned about fourteen Negro slaves whom he had bought from other farmers. My uncle and everyone on the farm treated the slaves kindly. All the Negroes on the farm were friends of ours and with those of our own age we were playmates. Since my childhood I have learned to like the black race and admire some of its fine qualities. In my school days nobody told me that it was wrong to sell and buy people. It is only much later that I realized all the horror of slavery.

The country school was three miles from my uncle's farm. It stood in a forest and could take in about twenty five boys and girls. We attended school once or twice a week. I was a sickly (кволий) child and lived mainly on medicine the first seven years of my life.

When I was twelve years old my father died. After my father's death our family was left penniless. I was taken from school at once and placed in the office of a local newspaper as printer's apprentice (підмайстер) where I could receive board and clothes but no money.

For ten years I worked in printshops of various cities. I started my journalistic life as a reporter on a newspaper in San Francisco-. It was then that I began to sign my publications by my penname Mark Twain.

General understanding:

1. In what state was Samuel Clemens born?

2. What were the great-great parents of Mark Twain?

3. What did Mark Twain want to be?

4. What were the streets and lanes of Florida paved with?

5. How does the author describe his uncle?

6. How many slaves did Mark Twain's uncle own?

7. What was the author's attitude toward slavery?

8. Was Mark Twain a healthy boy?

9. When did the author start his career of a writer?

GRAMMAR

Невизначений і певний артиклі. Невизначений артикль a (an) походить від числівника one (один), певний - від вказівного займенника that (той).

Артикль вживається:

• перед кожним загальним іменником.

Якщо перед іменником артикль не вживається, то треба вміти пояснити, чому.

Артикль не вживається якщо перед іменником варто:

• вказівний або присвійний займенник,

• інше іменник в присвійний відмінку,

• кількісний числівник,

• заперечення no.

Наприклад: This is my book. It's friend's book. I have one book.

Згадуючи предмет вперше, ми вживаємо перед ним невизначений артикль а (ап). Згадуючи цей же предмет вдруге, ми ставимо перед ним визначений артикль the. Наприклад: This is a book. The book is interesting.

Невизначений артикль a (an)

вживається перед одиничним, окремим предметом, який ми не виділяємо з класу йому подібних. Невизначений артикль an зазвичай стоїть перед іменником, яке починається з голосного звуку: an apple, an egg.

Наприклад: I bought a book yesterday. Я купив вчора книгу (одну з багатьох їй подібних). I have an apple. У мене є яблуко (одне, якесь).

Невизначений артикль a (an) може вживатися тільки з обчислювальними іменниками, що стоять в однині. Перед неісчісляемимі іменниками або іменниками у множині невизначений артикль опускається.

Невизначений артикль не вживається:

а) з неісчісляемимі і «абстрактними» іменниками:

I like coffee and tea. Friendship is very important in our life.

б) з іменниками в множині:

They are students now.

в) з іменами власними:

I told Jane about that.

г) з іменниками, перед якими стоять присвійні або вказівні займенники:

This car is better than that. My bike is old.

д) з іменниками, за якими слід кількісний числівник, що позначає номер:

I have read page eight of the magazine.

Невизначений артикль а необхідний у конструкціях:

I have a. .. This is a. .. I am a. .. What a fine day! I see a. .. There is a. .. He is a. ..

Певний артикль the виділяє предмет або предмети з класу їм подібних:

The book I bought yesterday was interesting - Книга, яку я купив вчора, була цікавою (це - конкретна книга, яку мовець виділяє з класу їй подібних).

Певний артикль the вживається як із обчислюваними, так і з неісчісляемимі іменниками, як з єдиним, так і з множиною.

Наприклад: This is a book. The book is interesting (обчислювана однині).

This is meat. The meat is fresh, (неісчісляемое)

These are books. The books are good. (Множинне число).

Певний артикль вживається:

а) коли відомо (з контексту, з навколишнього оточення) про який предмет (предмети, явища) йде мова: Open the door, please. I am going to the Academy.

б) коли мова йде про єдиний у своєму роді предмет або явище: The moon is shining brightly.

в) коли іменник має обмежує визначення, найчастіше з прийменником of.

I don't know the name of this pupil.

г) у словосполученнях типу in the north, to the west, at the cinema, the same, in the country, the rest of the ...

д) якщо перед іменником варто прикметник у найвищому ступені

This is the most interesting book.

e) перед порядковими числівниками

He lives on the fifth floor.

Географічні назви і артикль

З географічними назвами і з іменами власними, артикль, як правило, не вживається, крім наступних випадків:

а) з назвами морів, річок, океанів, гірських хребтів, груп островів використовується визначений артикль: the Pacific Ocean, the Black Sea, the Thames, the British Isles.

б) визначений артикль використовується з кількома назвами країн, областей і міст, (хоча звичайно з цими типами назв артикль не використовується):

the Ukraine, the Crimea, the Caucasus, the Netherlands, the Hague, the Riviera, the Congo, the West Indies

в) визначений артикль використовується з назвами країн типу:

the Russian Federation, the United States of America, the United Kingdom.

г) перед збірним ім'ям сім'ї The Petrovs - Петрови

Exercise 1.3. Translate into Russian. Explain the use (використання) of definite (визначених) and indefinite (невизначених) articles:

1. Last week I met my friend. He was with a young girl. The girl was a student of our Academy. 2. This is a pencil. The pencil is red. 3. She is a teacher. She is our teacher of English. 4. It is a lake. The lake is deep. It's one of the deepest lakes in the world. 5. There are many flowers in your garden. The flowers are beautiful. 6. Did you write a plan? Give me your plan, please. Is this plan effective? 7. The Black Sea is in the South of Russia. 8. This is Mike. He works as an engineer. Mike is a highly qualified engineer. 9. There are some schools in our street. The schools are new. 10. Gagarin was the first cosmonaut of the world. 11. In summer the sky is blue and the sun shines brightly. 12. The Petrovs are very friendly. 13. This is Ann's book. I don't like such books. 14. Winter begins in December.

Exercise 1.4. Insert (вставте) the article where necessary:

1. This ... pencil is broken. Give me that ... pencil, please. 2. I can see three ... boys .... boys are playing. 3.1 have ... bicycle .... bicycle is black. My ... friend has no ... bicycle. 4. Our ... room is large. 5. We wrote ... dictation yesterday .... dictation was long. 6. She has two ... daughters and one ... son. Her ... son is ... pupil. 7. My ... brother's ... friend has no ... dog. 8. This is ... tree .... tree is green. 9. She has ... ball .... ball is ... big. 10. I got ... letter from my ... friend yesterday .... letter was interesting.

Exercise 1.5. Use the articles a, an, the where it is necessary:

1. Yesterday I saw ... new film, but ... film wasn't very interesting. 2. London is situated on ... Thames. 3. Yuri Gagarin was ... first man to fly over ... Earth in spaceship. 4. My daughter will go school ... next year. 5.1 decided to visit ... Ivanovs, but they were not at ... home 6. In ... summer we live in ... country. 7. Lomonosov, ... great Russian scientist, was born in ... small village on ... shore of ... White Sea. 8 .... United States of America is one of ... most powerful countries of the world. 9. Is your dress made ​​of ... silk or ... cotton? 10 ... Peter's brother is ... student and we are ... pupils.11. What would you like: ... apple or ... orange? 12. What ... strange man he is!

Exercise 1.5. Use the articles a, an, the where it is necessary:

I. .. Volga is ... longest river in ... Europe. 2 .... History and ... Literature were ... my favourite subjects at ... school. 3.What is ... nearest way to ... Drama Theatre? 4 .... butter and ... cheese are made ​​of ... milk. 5. Usually I get up at ... 7 o'clock in ... morning. 6 ... Rostov is situated on ... Don. 7. Will you have ... cup of ... tea? 8.What ... good friend you are! 9. We shall go to ... cinema ... next week together with ... Petrovs. 10. This is ... book, ... book is very interesting. 11. Do you see ... sun in ... sky today? 12.He is ... engineer by ... profession.

Exercise 1.6. Insert (вставте) the article where necessary:

Three men came to ... New York for ... holiday. They came to ... very large hotel and took ... room there. Their room was on ... forty-fifth floor. In ... evening ... friends went to ... theatre and came back to ... hotel very late.

«I am very sorry,» said ... clerk of ... hotel, «but ... lifts do not work tonight. If you don't want to walk up to your room, we shall make ... beds for you in ... hall. »« No, no, »said one of ... friends, «no, thank you. We don't want to sleep in ... hall. We shall walk up to our room. »

Then he turned to his friends and said: «It is not easy to walk up to ... forty-fifth floor, but we shall make it easier. On ... way to ... room I shall tell you some jokes; then you, Andy, will sing us some songs; then you, Peter, will tell us some interesting stories. »So they began walking up to their room. Tom told them many jokes; Andy sang some songs.

At last they came to ... thirty sixth floor. They were tired and decided to have ... rest. «Well,» said Tom, «now it is your turn, Peter. After all ... jokes, I would like to hear ... sad story. Tell us ... long and interesting story with ... sad end. »« ... story which I am going to tell you, »said Peter,« is sad enough. We left ... key to our room in ... hall. »

Освіта множини іменників.

Множина іменників (крім тих, у яких основа закінчується на-ch,-s,-ss,-sh,-х) утворюється шляхом додавання до основи закінчення-s: a boy - boys, a trick - tricks, a pen-pens, a girl - girls.

Множина іменників, основа яких закінчується на-ch,-s,-ss,-sh,-x, а також іменників, що мають, як правило, закінчення-о, утворюється шляхом додавання до основи закінчення-es; a bench - benches, a bus-buses, a glass - glasses, a box - boxes, a potato - potatoes.

Іменники, що закінчуються на-у (після приголосної) у множині мають закінчення-ies: an army - armies, a fly - flies, a lady - ladies. Кінцеве f (-fe), як правило, змінюється на-ves:

a calf - calves, a knife - knives, a shelf - shelves,

a wife - wives (але: roof - roofs).

Ряд іменників утворює множина не за загальними правилами:

а) змінюється коренева голосна:

a man - men, a woman - women, a foot - feet, a tooth - teeth, a goose - geese, a mouse - mice

б) додається закінчення-en:

an ox - oxen. a child - children.

в) запозичуються форми однини і множини з латинської та грецької мов:

a formula - formulae (formulas), a crisis - crises, a criterion - criteria, an index - indices, a bacterium - bacteria, an axis - axes

В англійській мові є іменники, які мають одну (загальну) форму для єдиного і множини: a deer (олень) - deer (олені), a sheep (вівця) - sheep (Вівці), a fish риба) - fish (Риби), a swine (свиня) - swine (свині).

Деякі іменники мають тільки однину: advice, information, news. knowledge, furniture, luggage.

Деякі - тільки множину, clothes, riches, damages, goods, looks, manners, thanks.

Запам'ятайте:

this is - these are

that is - those are

there is - there are

it is - they are

Exercise 1.7. Decide which of the following nouns are countable (обчислювані) or uncountable (неісчісляемие):

Time, water, machine, music, snow, word, coffee, money, idea, family, darkness, knowledge, sea hour. tree, silver, meat, happiness, information, speed, book, news, house, friend, milk, student, pen, paper, clothes picture, air, goods.

Exercise 1.8. Read and translate the sentences. Decide which of the underlined nouns (іменників) are countable or uncountable and explain why:

1. We have read all the official papers. There were some sheets of paper on the table. 2.Two coffees, please. I like strong coffee. 3. Give me two glasses. Are they made ​​of glass or plastics? 4. Many thousands of bricks are produced at the factory. Our school is built of brick.

Exercise 1.9. Write down the following nouns in plural.

Box, sheep, place, library, photo, mouse, lady, glass, bush, dress, country, bus, party, wife, day, knife, knowledge, month, pen, hero, goose, company, life, deer, tomato, city, man, play, news, child, fruit, shelf, leaf, foot, fish, woman, money, information.

Exercise 1.10. Write down the following nouns in plural:

A star, a mountain, a tree, a waiter, the queen, a man, a woman, an eye, a shelf, a box, a city, a boy, a goose, a watch, a mouse, a dress, a toy , a sheep, a tooth, a child, an ox, a deer, a life, a tomato.

Exercise 1.11. Write down the following nouns in plural:

this man, that match, this tea-cup, this egg, that wall, that picture, this foot, that mountain, this lady, that window, this knife

Exercise 1.12. Put the following sentences in plural and write them down. Pay attention to the changes of the verb (дієслово):

1. A new house is in our street. 2. This story is very interesting. 3. There was a woman, a man, a boy and a girl in the room. 4. In the farm-yard we could see an ox, a sheep, a cow and a goose. 5. Put this knife on that table. 6. Why don't you eat this potato? 7. This strawberry is still green. 8. A yellow leaf has fallen to the ground. 9. Can you see a bird in that tree? 10. Does your tooth still ache? 11. I held up my foot to the fire to warm it. 12. His child studies very well. 13. Is this worker an Englishman or a German? - He is a Frenchman. 14. What is that child's name? 15. The cat has caught a mouse. 16. I have hurt my foot. 17. The wolf has been shot. 18. He keeps his toy in a box. 19. This man works at our office.

Exercise 1.13. Put the following sentences in plural and write them down. Pay attention to the changes of the verb:

1. This is my stocking. 2. He has a new suit. 3. This metal is very hard. 4. That ship is a Russian one. 5. I heard her voice. 6. His dog does not like bread. 7. The plate was on the table. 8. This town is very large. 9. I was talking to her at the tram stop yesterday. 10. Is that girl your sister? 11. I shall give you my book. 12. This story will be a good one. 13. Is this a good match? 14. The boy put his book on the desk. 15. She took off her hat. 16. That house is new. 17. The pupil put his book into the bag. 18. Is this student coming with us, too? 19. The woman didn't say anything. 20. Does she speak English?

Присвійний відмінок іменників

Examples: The child's toys - The children's toys

The boy's books - The boys 'books

Exercise 1.14. Use the Possessive Case of the Nouns:

Example: The poems of Lermontov. (Lermontov's poems).

1. The toy of their children. 2. The questions of my son. 3. The wife of my brother. 4. The table of our teacher. 5. The life of animals. 6. The voice of this girl. 7. The new tool of the workers. 8. The letter of Peter. 9. The car of my parents. 10 The room of my friend. 11. The handbags of these women. 12. The flat of my sister is large. 13. The children of my brother are at home. 14. The room of the boys is large.

Exercise 1.15. Translate into English.

1. Це сім'я мого друга. Батько мого друга - інженер. Мати мого друга - вчитель. 2. Вона взяла книги свого брата. 3. Дайте мені зошити ваших учнів. 4. Ви бачили книгу нашого вчителя? 5. Вчора діти мого брата ходили в кіно. 6. Він показав мені листа своєї сестри. 7. Чия це сумка? - Це сумка Петра. 8. Чиї це словники? - Це словники студентів. 9. Принесіть іграшки дітей.

UNIT 2

MY WORKING DAY

I. Голосні звуки [е], [æ].

II. Text A: «My working day»,

Text B: «Nick's usual working day».

III. Ступені порівняння прикметників і прислівників, порядок слів в англійському реченні, типи питань.

Голосний звук [е]

При проголошенні голосного [е] маса мови знаходиться в передній частині ротової порожнини. Кінчик мови знаходиться у нижніх зубів. Губи злегка розтягнуті. Звук близький до російського звуку [е] в словах ці, жерсть.

Голосний звук [æ]

При вимові звуку [æ] губи кілька розтягнуті, нижня щелепа сильно опущена, кінчик язика стосується нижніх зубів, а середня спинка язика трохи вигинається вперед і догори.

Exercise A am - Ann - lamp man - can - cat sat - hat - bat Pat - rat - cam	tanned - tent fan-fen man - men pat - pet
Exercise У tan - ten pan - pen bad - bed land - lend	Exercise C bat - bet pet - net - red let - met ten - pen - • men - hen

Text A: «MY WORKING DAY»

Hi again ... As you already know, I am a first-year student of the Technical Academy. My parents live in Sochi and I study in Rostov-on-Don so I need some housing. There are two opportunities for me: I can live in a dormitory (a students hostel), or to rent a flat (an apartment).

I decided to rent a flat. To make the rent smaller, I also decided to share my flat with another girl - Natasha Kozlova. She studies at the Academy, too, and she is my best friend now. I'll tell you more about her later.

Now, let me describe my usual working day. My classes begin at 8:30. So on week-days I have to get up at 7:15.1 don't have an alarm clock and usually my roommate wakes me up and my working day begins. I turn on the radio and do my morning exercises while Natasha takes a shower. I don't take a bath in the morning because I don't have enough time for it. I take a cool shower (that's when I completely wake up), brush my teeth. After that I go back to our room and get dressed. I brush my hair and put on a light make-up. Then we have breakfast. Natasha makes breakfast every Monday, Wednesday and Friday. I have to serve breakfast on Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays. I love to listen to the latest news on the radio while I am eating and Natasha prefers light music.

We leave the house at ten minutes past eight and walk to the nearest bus-stop. We live rather far from the Academy and it usually takes us about a quarter of an hour to get there by bus. Sometimes when the weather is fine and we have enough time we walk to the Academy. It is very healthy to walk much.

The classes begin at 8:30 in the morning and they end at 2:00 pm We have lectures in different subjects. As a rule we have three or four classes a day. Sometimes it is very hard to wait till they end.

Usually I don't miss my classes because I want to pass my exams successfully. But sometimes I do, especially when the weather is fine and the classes are boring.

At 11:50 we have lunch. That's my favourite time. That is the time to share the latest news and to gossip. My friends and I prefer not to go to the canteen and we often have lunch in a small cafe not too far from the Academy. At 12:30 we have to be back to our classes. During the working day we also have several short breaks that last for ten minutes.

Occasionally I have to stay at the Academy till 5 or even 6 o'clock in the evening because I go to the library to get ready for my practical classes or to write a report. As a rule I have no free time on week-days . So by the end of the week I get very tired.

We come home at about 7 o'clock in the evening. We eat supper together and share the latest news.

After supper we wash dishes, drink coffee or tea and watch TV. I prefer old comedies and Natasha likes serials or films about travelling. Sometimes Natasha and I go for a walk in the park or visit our friends.

At about eleven at night I go to bed. I like to read something before going to bed and Natasha likes to listen to some music. Sometimes I fall asleep while I am reading and Natasha gets up and switches off the light and says - Good night!

Vocabulary:

housing - житло

opportunity - можливість

dormitory, students hostel - студентський гуртожиток

to rent a flat (an apartment) - знімати квартиру

to share - ділити (-ся)

week-days - будні дні

alarm clock - будильник

usually - зазвичай

roommate - сусід по кімнаті

rather - досить

to turn on (off) - включати, вимикати

enough - досить

completely - повністю, абсолютно

to get dressed - одягатися

to serve - обслуговувати

make up - макіяж

while - поки що, в той час як

to prefer - віддавати перевагу

healthy - здоровий, корисний

to miss - пропускати

successfully - успішно

boring - нудний

to gossip - пліткувати

have to be back - повинні повернутися

break - перерва

report - доповідь

share - ділитися

canteen - їдальня

ADD TO YOUR ACTIVE VOCABULARY

tape-recorder - магнітофон

to brush one's hair - зачісувати волосся

it takes me ... minutes to get to the Academy by bus - у мене йде ... хвилин, щоб дістатися до Академії на автобусі

cloackroom - гардероб

upstairs - нагорі, вгору по сходах

downstairs - внизу, вниз по сходах

to miss classes - пропускати заняття

to pass exams - здати іспити

to do well - робити успіхи, добре вчитися

for the first (second) course - на перше (друге) блюдо

to get ready - підготуватися

as a rule - як правило

to get tired - втомитися

to take pleasure in - отримувати задоволення від ...

to look forward to - чекати з нетерпінням

acquaintance - знайомий

Exercise 2.1. Write one sentence with each word:

1. Usual - usually - as usual - unusual

2. occasion - occasional - occasionally

3. to end - to finish - to be over

4. to start - to begin - to get ready for

5. on Sunday - at five o'clock - in cafeteria ...

6. full time student - part time student

7. freshman - second year student - school graduate

Exercise 2.2. Translate into English:

• бути студентом (студенткою) денного відділення

• розповісти вам про ...

• в будні дні

• прокидатися - вставати о 7 годині ранку

• включати магнітофон

• приймати душ

• чистити зуби

• одягатися

• слухати останні новини

• У мене йде годину, щоб дістатися до інституту

• їздити на автобусі (тролейбусі, трамваї)

• спізнюватися на заняття

• закінчуватися о 15:50 вечора

• пропускати заняття

• здати іспити успішно

• час від часу

• підготуватися до занять

• як правило

• втомитися

• приходити додому

• бути вдома

• мати вільний час

Exercise 2.3. Tell about your typical day. The following questions will help you:

1. Do you get up early?

2. Is it easy for you to get up early?

3. Do you wake up yourself or does your alarm-clock wake you up?

4. Do you do your morning exercises?

5. What do you prefer: a hot or a cold shower in the morning?

6. How long does it take you to get dressed?

7. What do you usually have for breakfast?

8. Some people look through newspapers or listen to the latest news on the radio while having breakfast. What about you?

9. When do you usually leave your house?

10. Do you work? If yes, where?

11. How long does it take you to get to your Academy (Institute)?

12. Do you go there by bus / trolley-bus or walk?

13. Where do you usually have lunch (dinner)?

14. What time do you come home?

15. How long does it take you to do your homework?

16. How do you usually spend your evenings?

17. Do you have a lot of free time?

18. Do you play any musical instrument?

19. Are you fond of listening to music?

20. What kind of music do you prefer?

21. Do you collect anything (stamps, records, postcards, coins, matchboxes, etc.)?

22. What time do you usually go to bed?

Exercise 2.4. Tell about:

a) the working-day of your father or mother

b) the usual weekend at home

c) the best day of your life

d) a holiday spent with your friends or relatives (New Year's day, Christmas, 8 ^th of March)

e) the working day of famous people (writers, artists, politicians etc.)

Text В: «NICK'S USUAL WORKING DAY»

Hi, nice to meet you all!

My name is Nick Price. I am a freshman at MIT - Massachusetts Institute of Technology. I am not from Boston myself. I was born in Vermilion, Ohio, not far from Cleveland.

My family is not very rich, that is why I can't afford to live on a campus. But it is a rule, that every student must reside during his or her freshman year on the campus. To cover some of the expenses I've got to work part-time on the campus. I work in cafeteria.

Now let me tell you about my usual working day. I wake up at seven in the morning. My alarm-clock radio is tuned to my favourite radio station. My roommate Todd Hall is a football player. He jogs every morning at 6:30. He is still out jogging when I get up. First I take a cold shower and brush my teeth. Then I dress myself up and rush to work - to the University cafeteria. I wash dishes and clean the tables. It is not a very interesting job, I know that, but soon I'll be a cook and will earn more. My boss Suzie is very strict but very nice when you do your job properly.

My first class starts at 11:15. The professor is never late for his classes. The lecture hall we sit in has about 100 seats. MIT is a very big school. I think that it is the best school of science and technology in the US.

At 2:00 pm I eat lunch at school cafeteria. The food is free for me because I work there. I am a vegetarian and I don't like drinks with caffeine. I prefer cool filtered water or juice.

Then I have two more classes. I need to go to the library right after the classes to do my homework. There I meet my friends and we talk a lot. Twice a week I play basketball with my friends. I swim once a week. Usually after library we go out to the cafe or just sit outside and talk.

I have dinner at 6:00 pm at the little Chinese restaurant not too far from the dormitory or I cook myself in the kitchen in my dorm. My favourite food is salami pizza and potato salad.

After dinner I watch TV or play ping-pong with my friends. When it is Friday, we go to the football game.

I usually read before I go to bed. It calms me down after the long day. I guess, that's pretty much it for now. See you later!

General understanding:

1. Where does Nick Price study?

2. What year of study is he in?

3. Is Nick from Boston?

4. Is Nick's family a rich one?

5. What is Nick's job? Do you think he enjoys it?

6. Is Massachusetts Institute of Technology a good school?

7. Where does Nick spend his evenings?

8. What does Nick usually do on Friday nights?

GRAMMAR

§ 1. Ступені порівняння прикметників і прислівників

1. Односкладові (і деякі двоскладові) прикметники і прислівники утворюють порівняльну ступінь шляхом додавання суфікса -ЕR, чудову - шляхом додавання суфікса -Est:

high - higher - the highest (високий - вищий - найвищий),

big - bigger - the biggest (великий - більше - найбільший).

Прикметники і прислівники, що закінчуються на - у, змінюють закінчення на-ier і - iest.

Кінцева приголосна у односкладових прикметників і прислівників подвоюється.

Наприклад: happy - happier - the happiest. hot - hotter - the hottest

2. Багатоскладові прикметники і прислівники, що закінчуються на -1У, утворюють

порівняльну ступінь шляхом додавання слів more (less),

чудову - шляхом додавання слів most (least)

interesting - more (less) interesting - most (least) interesting,

easily - more (less) easily - most (least) easily.

3. Ряд прикметників і прислівників є винятками:

good, well (гарний, добре) - better (краще) - the best (найкращий),

bad (поганий) - worse (гірше) - the worst (найгірший)

little (маленький, мало) - less (менше) - the least (найменший)

many (much) - more - the most

far - farther (further) - the farthest (furthest)

Іменник, визначається прикметником у найвищому ступені, завжди має визначений артикль: the largest building.

Exercise 2.5. Make up comparative and superlative forms of the listed below adjectives (прикметники) and adverbs (прислівники):

1. large, tall, long, easy, hot, big, cold, nice, bad, strong, short, wide, good, happy, high, low, busy, well, little, many, far.

2. wonderful, necessary, quickly, interesting, comfortable, popular, active, famous, pleasant, beautiful, slowly, clearly.

Exercise 2.6. Open the brackets using the right form of adjectives:

1. Winter is (cold) season of the year. 2. Moscow is (large) than St. Petersburg. 3. Which is (long) day of the year? 4. The Alps are (high) mountains in Europe. 5. Even (long) day has an end. 6. It is one of (important) questions of our conference. 7. Your English is (good) now. 8. Who knows him (well) than you? 9. We have (little) interest in this work than you. 10. Health is (good) than wealth. 11. Your son worked (well) of all. 12. Today you worked (slowly) than usually.

Exercise 2.7. Translate the sentences:

1. This book is not so interesting as that one. 2. The Baltic Sea is not so warm as the Black Sea. 3. The more you read, the more you know. 4. My brother is not as tall as you are. 5. The earlier you get up, the more you can do. 6. Today the wind is as strong as it was yesterday. 7. Your room is as light as mine. 8. John knows Russian as well as English. 9. Mary is not so lazy as her brother. 10. The longer the night is, the shorter the day. 11. The less people think, the more they talk.

Exercise 2.8. Translate the sentences:

1. Лев Толстой - один з найпопулярніших письменників у світі.

2. Цей роман цікавіше, ніж той.

3. Ваш будинок вище нашого? Ні, він такий же високий, як і ваш.

4. Це - сама прекрасна картина у всій колекції.

5. Населення Російської Федерації більше населення Великобританії.

6. Він виконав роботу швидше, ніж ви.

7. Австралія - одна з найменш населених країн.

8. Його робота краще вашої, але робота Ганни - найкраща.

9. Росія - найбільша країна в світі.

10. Я живу не так далеко від інституту, як мій друг.

11. У липні стільки ж днів, скільки і в серпні.

12. Літак швидше, ніж потяг.

§ 2. Порядок слів в англійському реченні

У англійському реченні кожен член речення, як правило, має своє певне місце. Так, в простому поширеному розповідному реченні на першому місці стоїть

1) підмет, за ним слід

2) присудок, далі йде

3) доповнення (беспредложное, пряме, предложное) і потім

4) обставини (образу дії, місця, часу).

Наприклад: 1) I 2) gave 3) my brother 3) a book 4) yesterday.

Exercise 2.9. Build the sentences from the words:

a) Is, best, she, friend, my.

b) Learn, different, students, our, subjects.

c) The, is, Russia, the, in, country, largest, world.

d) In, the, we, city, live, a, flat, in, of, center, the.

e) Reading, is, my, of, best, son's, fond, friend.

§ 3. Основні типи питань, використовувані в англійській мові

1. Загальне питання

Загальне питання відноситься до всього речення в цілому, і відповіддю на нього будуть слова yes або по:

Do you like ice-cream? - Yes, I do.

Can you speak English? - Yes, I can.

Are you a schoolboy? - No, I am not.

Have you bought a text book? - Yes, I have.

Порядок слів у загальному питанні

1) допоміжне дієслово (модальний, дієслово-зв'язка),

2) підмет (іменник або займенник),

3) смислове дієслово (або доповнення).

2. Спеціальний питання

Спеціальний питання відноситься до якого-небудь члена речення або їх групі і вимагає конкретної відповіді:

What is your name? - My name is Peter.

Where do you live? - I live in Rostov.

Порядок слів у спеціальному питанні

1) питальне слово (what, where, who, when, how і т.д.),

2) допоміжне дієслово (модальний, дієслово-зв'язка),

3) підмет,

4) смислове дієслово,

5) доповнення,

6) обставини (місця, часу, способу дії тощо).

У спеціальних питаннях, звернених до підлягає у Present і Past Indefinite, не вживається допоміжне дієслово do (did) і зберігається прямий порядок слів:

Who wants to go to the cinema? Who lives in this house?

3. Альтернативний питання

Альтернативний питання передбачає вибір з двох можливостей:

Do you like coffee or tea? - Ви любите каву або чай?

Альтернативний питання починається як загальне питання, потім слід розділовий сполучник or і друга частина питання.

4. Розділовий питання (Tail Question)

Розділовий питання складається з двох частин. Перша частина - це оповідний пропозиція (стверджувальне або негативне), друга, відокремлена комою від першої - короткий питання (tail - «хвостик»):

You are a pupil, aren't you? - Ви учень, чи не так?

Якщо в оповідної частини розділового питання міститься твердження, то в другій - заперечення. Якщо в оповідної частини - заперечення, то в другій частині, як правило, - твердження:

You are a student, aren't you?

You don't go to school every day, do you?

Exercise 2.10. Read and translate into English:

1. She is a student.

- Is she a student?

- Yes, she is. / No, she isn't.

2. He speaks English well.

- Does he speak English well?

- Yes, he does. / No, he doesn't.

3. They have many books.

- Have they many books?

- Yes, they have. / No, they haven't.

4. The weather was fine yesterday.

- Was the weather fine yesterday?

- Yes, it was. / No, it wasn't.

5. We saw a new film yesterday.

- Did we see a new film yesterday?

- Yes, we did. / No, we didn't.

6. You can read well.

- Can you read well?

- Yes, you can. / No, you can't.

7. There will be five lessons tomorrow.

- Will there be five lessons tomorrow?

-Yes, there will. / No, there will not (won't).

Exercise 2.11. Put the questions to the following sentences:

1. загальні

2. спеціальні

3. розділові

1. There is a book on the table. 2. He must work hard today. 3. We are leaving for Moscow next week. 4. We were reading the whole evening. 5. They don't go to work on Sunday. 6. It is not cold today. 7. Ann has already begun to read a new book. 8. We learn English at school. 9. They will show you how to get there. 10. They finished the translation before the end of the lesson. 11. I didn't feel well that evening. 12. It wasn't difficult to do this task.

Exercise 2.12. Read and translate the sentences:.

1. Our family lives in a three-room flat.

- Does your family live in a three-room flat or in a house?

- It lives in a three-room flat.

2. They went to the same school.

- Did they go to the same school or to different schools?

- They went to the same school.

3. He will read this book tomorrow.

- Will he read this text tomorrow or next week?

- He will read it tomorrow.

4. They are playing chess now.

- Are they playing chess or cards now?

- They are playing chess.

5. Our teacher has told us to write.

- Has our teacher told us to write or to read?

- He has told us to write.

Exercise 2.13. Translate the sentences into English:

1. Вам подобається більше англійську мову або французьку?

2. Він живе в Ростові або в області?

3. Вона його молодша або старша сестра?

4. Студенти вже здали іспити чи ні?

5. Петрови поїдуть влітку на південь чи на північ?

6. Ваш друг навчається в академії або в університеті?

7. Він знає її краще чи ви?

Exercise 2.14. Write down alternative questions to the following sentences:

1. Our teacher knows several foreign languages. 2. He has graduated from our University last year. 3. We shall go to Samara next week. 4. They are working in our garden. 5. I have just read this book. 6. I took this book from my friend. 7. He likes reading books. 8. She has many relatives abroad. 9. They were in many countries. 10. Russia is the largest country in the world.

UNIT 3

MY ACADEMY

I. Голосні звуки [а:], [Ù], дифтонги [e е], [ei].

II. Text A: «My Academy»,

Text В: «Moscow Slate University».

III. § 1. Безособові і невизначено-особисті пропозиції.

§ 2. Невизначені займенники some, any, негативне займенник по та їх похідні.

Голосний звук [а:]

При проголошенні англійської голосного [а:] рот відкритий майже як для російського звуку, але мова відсувається далі назад і донизу і лежить плоско. Кінчик мови відтягнуть від нижніх зубів. Губи не розтягнуті й не висунуті вперед.

Голосний звук [Ù]

При проголошенні короткого голосного [Ù], губи трошки розтягнуті, мова відсунутий тому, дещо глибше, ніж для російського звуку [а]. Кінчик мови знаходиться у нижніх зубів, нагадує російська звук [а] в словах очерет, сади, вали.

Дифтонг [e е]. Ядро звуку - голосний схожий на російський звук у слові це. Ковзання відбувається в напрямку нейтрального гласного з відтінком звуку.

Дифтонг [ei]. Дифтонг, ядром якого є гласний, а ковзання відбувається в напрямку голосного. Промовляючи дифтонг необхідно стежити за тим, щоб ядро не було таким широким, як російська голосний [е], а другий елемент не перетворювався на російський звук [й].

Text A: «ANN'S ACADEMY»

Hello again! Now let me tell you about my Polytechnical Academy. I am really glad that I study here. It is one of the finest country's higher educational institutions. Many famous people have graduated from my Academy, and not only engineers or scientists, but many outstanding writers, actors, showmen and politicians. Studying at our Academy gives a solid background in all spheres of knowledge and prepares for practical work.

Our Academy is quite large and old. It was founded in the 19 ^th century by the famous Russian inventor Vladimir Komarov. First, it was a small department of a large University, but later it was rearranged into an independent institution. Nowadays it is a large school where more than 5,000 students are currently enrolled. About 3,000 are full-time students, like me, and the rest are part time-students. There are also about 150 graduate students. They conduct independent research work and have pedagogical practice.

The course of study at my academy lasts five years. There are many faculties in my academy. Here are some of them: the faculty of industrial automation and robotics, the faculty of plastics, the faculty of machine tools and the faculty of metalworking.

Our academy is large and we have several buildings. One of the buildings is for lectures and seminars only. There are many large halls there so that students of 3-4 groups together can fit in there. And that is more than 100 people. The acoustics [е'ku: stiks] in such large halls is very good but sometimes it is very noisy when students chat during the lecture.

We have two laboratory buildings which are equipped with up-to-date equipment and there students can carry on lab works and conduct various experiments. Many students from my group do their own research work.

There are several cafes at the academy. My favourite one is situated in a separate one-storeyed building and people say that this is the oldest canteen or student's cafe. The food there is tasty and very affordable.

There are also several dormitories or hostel buildings where students from other cities live. But you know already that I don't live in a dormitory - I rent an apartment.

Vocabulary:

currently - в даний час

to be enrolled - числитися в списках студентів

full-time students - студенти денного відділення

part time-students - студенти вечірнього відділення

to conduct - проводити

course of study - курс навчання

industrial automation - промислова автоматика

robotics - робототехніка

plastics - пластмаси

machine-tools - верстати

metalworking - металообробка

figure [f'igе] - фігура, цифра

noisy - галасливий

to chat - розмовляти, базікати

to be equipped with - бути обладнаним

up-to-date equipment - сучасне обладнання

carry on - проводити

research work - дослідна робота

one-storeyed - одноповерхова

tasty ['teisti] - смачний

affordable - доступна (to afford - дозволяти)

ADD TO YOUR ACTIVE VOCABULARY

classroom - клас, аудиторія

lecture hall - лекційний зал

laboratory - лабораторія

gym (gymnasium) - спортзал

semester (term) - семестр

school year - навчальний рік

course of studies - курс навчання

academy - академія

university - університет

institute - інститут

faculty, college, department - факультет (ex. College of physics - факультет фізики)

department, chair of ... - Кафедра

head of the department, chief of the department, chair (man, woman) - зав. кафедрою

substitute - заступник

teaching instructor (TI) - викладач

professor - професор

dean - декан

Rector - ректор

teaching staff, faculty members - викладацький склад

full-time student - студент (ка) денного відділення

part-time student - студент (ка) «Вечернік»

student of distant education - студент (ка) «заочник»

student of preparatory courses - слухач підготовчих курсах, «подкурснік» undergraduate student - студент 1-4 (5) курсів

graduate student - студент 5-6 курсів (магістрант, аспірант)

Exercise 3.1. Tell about:

a) your secondary school (college)

b) the faculty of your university

c) your favourite teacher at school.

Exercise 3.2. Do you know?

1) When was your University or Academy established?

2) Who was the first Rector?

3) Were there any famous a) scientists, engineers b) politicians c) artists among the graduates of your Institute?

4) How many people are currently enrolled?

5) What is the most popular faculty in your Academy?

Exercise 3.3. Do you agree or disagree with the following statements:

a) Larger schools are better than smaller ones.

b) It is impossible to enter the university if you haven't attended preparatory courses.

c) The best professors are the oldest ones.

d) It is better to live in a dormitory or student hostel than to rent an apartment.

e) Professors always know more than students and teaching instructors.

Text B: «MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY»

Moscow State University is the oldest, autonomous, self-governing and state-supported institution of higher learning, founded in 1755 by the scientist Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov. Located in Moscow, the university is composed of faculties of biology, chemistry, computational mathematics and cybernetics, economics, foreign languages, fundamental medicine, geography, geology, history, journalism, law, mechanics and mathematics, physics, psychology, sociology, and soil sciences, as well as an institute of Asian and African Studies. Several museums, colleges, and a number of institutes are affiliated with Moscow University, and a preparatory faculty teaches Russian language and other subjects to foreign students.

Except for the science faculties and some of the arts faculties - which are situated in south-western Moscow - the remainder of the faculties are located in the older university buildings in the centre of the city. A diploma in a given field of study is awarded after five or five and a half years of study. After three additional years and the completion of a thesis, the kandidat nauk degree is awarded. The highest degree, the Doctor of Sciences, may be attained upon completion of a thesis based on independent research.

GRAMMAR

А) Безособові і невизначено-особисті пропозиції.

Англійські пропозиції відрізняються від росіян тим, що в них завжди є підмет і присудок. Тому в безособових реченнях, коли немає підмета, використовується в якості формального підлягає займенник it.

It is cold today. Сьогодні холодно.

Як бачимо, безособові пропозиції такого типу складаються з займенники it, яке не перекладається, дієслова-зв'язки в потрібному за змістом часу та іменний частини присудка, вираженого найчастіше ім'ям прикметником. Іменна частина може бути також виражена іменником або ім'ям числівником.

It's nice to meet you. Приємно познайомитися.

It is nine o'clock now. Зараз дев'ять годин.

Дуже часто безособові пропозиції описують явище природи, стан погоди, позначають час, відстань.

Питальні і негативна форми безособових пропозицій утворюються за тими ж правилами, що й питальні і негативні форми пропозицій з іменним складеним присудком.

Is it cold? - Холодно?

Wasn't it interesting? - Хіба це не було цікаво?

Частка not ставиться після першого допоміжного дієслова.

Exercise 3.4. Переведіть на англійську мову.

1. Сьогодні холодно. 2. Йде сніг цілий день. 3. Зараз ранок. 4. Було приємно познайомитися з вашим другом. 5. Пізно. Пора спати. 6. Хіба це не смішно? 7. Зараз вже 10 години ранку. 8. На вулиці холодно? 9. Зараз рання весна, але вже тепло. 10. Це далеко звідси?

В) Невизначені займенники some. any. негативне займенник по та їх похідні.

Вживання some і any, а також їх похідних визначається типом пропозиції.

У позитивному реченні вживаються, як правило, займенник some і його похідні:

Give me something to read, please. I met him somewhere before.

У питальних і негативних пропозиціях зазвичай використовуються займенник any і його похідні:

Have you seen him anywhere? Is there anything I can do for you?

У негативних пропозиціях використовується або займенник any і його похідні:

I cannot find this book anywhere.

який негативний займенник по

There is nobody in that room. There isn't anybody in that room.

Відмінності між займенниками any і some - в ступені невизначеності, тому іноді займенник any можна зустріти і в стверджувальних реченнях:

You can find this book anywhere. - Цю книгу ви можете знайти де завгодно.

Exercise 3.5. Make 16 pronouns and translate them:

Зразок: some + body = somebody - хтось, хто-небудь

some body

any one

no thing

every where

Exercise 3.6. Insert somebody, anybody, nobody or everybody:

l. The question was so difficult that ... could answer it. 2 .... left his bag in our classroom yesterday. 3. Has ... in this group got a dictionary? 4. I am afraid there is ... in the office now. It is too late. 5 .... knows that water is necessary for plants. 6. Is there ... here who knows English? 7. You must find ... who can help you. 6 .... knew anything about our home task. 9 .... can answer this question. It is very easy. 10. There is ... in the next room. I don't know him. 11. Please tell us the story, ... knows it. 12. Is there ... in my group who lives in the hostel? 13. Has ... here got a red pencil?

Exercise 3.7. Translate into English:

1. Тут є хто-небудь? 2. У саду нікого немає. 3. У нашій кімнаті є хто-небудь? 4. У класі є хтось. 5. Там нікого немає. 6. В саду є хто-небудь? 7. На столі є що-небудь? - Ні, там нічого немає. 8. У сумці щось є. 9. У цій книзі є що-небудь цікаве? 10. На стіні є які-небудь картини? - Так, там є декілька. 11. У кабінеті директора є хто-небудь? - Ні, там нікого немає. 12. У нашій бібліотеці є якісь книги англійською мовою. 13. У вашій бібліотеці є які-небудь книги англійською мовою? 14. Мій друг не хоче мені нічого сказати. 15. Я хочу провести літні канікули де-небудь на березі Чорного моря. 16. Якщо ви голодні, пошукайте що-небудь в холодильнику. 17. Розкажіть нам все про вашому подорожі. 18. Ніхто ніде не допоміг йому.

UNIT 4

MY HOME TOWN

I. Голосні звуки [u:], [u].

II. Text A: «Sochi».

Text B: «Rostov-on-Don».

II1. § 1. Займенники little і few і займенникові вираження a little і a few.

§ 2. Оборот there is / there are.

Голосний звук [u:]

При проголошенні довгого голосного звуку [u:] губи напружені і сильно округлені, але набагато менше висунуті вперед, ніж при російською звуці [у]: moon. На листі передається буквосполученням подвійне О, за винятком випадків перед буквою k.

Наприклад: soon - скоро, незабаром, moon - місяць

Виключення: book - книга (короткий і)

Голосний звук [u]

При проголошенні короткого голосного звуку [u] губи помітно округлені, але не висунуті вперед, мова відтягнуть тому, але трохи менше, ніж для і: (u довгого). Звук нагадує ненаголошений російська звук [у] в словах порожній, тупий, виголошений без висунення губ вперед:

hook - гак, look - погляд

Запам'ятайте слова, в яких як виключення вимовляється [u]: put - класти, pull - тягнути, push - штовхати, full - повний

Text A: «SOCHI»

«Big Sochi - the best place on the Earth!»

Hello, everyone! Here is Ann Sokolova again. This time I'll tell you about my lovely hometown - Sochi. I am sure everyone knows where Sochi is. For those who are not really sure I remind that it is situated on the Black Sea coast about 1500 km south from Moscow.

But what makes this city so special? Sochi is called the city of three seasons because there's no winter here. As we usually say, «the golden autumn slowly turns into the early spring.» When golden leaves slowly fall down on the earth the first flowers begin to blossom. Sochi is the only northern subtropical city in Russia. One can bathe in the Black Sea from May till October because the water of the Black Sea is still warm. The water of the Black Sea contains many chemical substances such as iodine, chlorine, bromine, sulphates, carbonates, sodium, potassium, etc. All of them react with your body and make you healthier. There are many mineral water springs in Sochi and its area.

Have you ever heard the name Big Sochi? Sochi is one of the most stretched cities along the sea coast - it is 148 km long! Small towns and cities Adler, Khosta, Kudepsta, Dagomys and Lazarevskoye belong to Big Sochi!

The history of this area goes back to the ancient times. One can call this area «the Cradle of Mankind». People came here from the Asia Minor 400-350 thousand years ago. There are more than 150 historical places of interest in the area. Here the camps and caves of prehistoric people have been found.

The dolmens - massive prehistoric grave structures from the 2nd thousand BC are the features of the Bronze era. The most ancient five-stone dolmens are found in the Sochi area. Travellers of the 19th century called dolmens «the houses of the giants» because each grave stone weighs from 500 to 3000 kg. It is still uncertain what technical developments made ​​it possible to construct such structures.

The rich lands of Caucasus always attracted invaders: Greeks, Romans, Arabs, Genuese, Turks.

In the VI ^th century BC the Black Sea coast attracted Greek colonists, who have based a number of trade-settlements, such as Dioscuria (modern city of Sukhumi), Pitiunt (Pitsunda), Triglif (Gagra).

Christian religion was brought over from the Byzantynne three centuries earlier than to Russia. In the end of X ^th - beginning of the XI ^th centuries AD the first known Christian constructions were built in Loo, Galitsino and Veseloye.

During the XVIII ^{th-XIX th} centuries Russia conducted long wars with Turkey for the exit to the Black Sea. In 1829, after the end of Russian-Turkish war, by the peace treaty the Black Sea coast of Caucasus, from the mouth of the Kuban river up to a fort St.Nicholas (to the south of modern city Poti), has departed to Russia.

Symbol of the victory of the Russian weapon in the war of 1829 is the monument near modern hotel «Leningrad» - «Anchor and Cannon».

The end of Russian-Turkish war has not solved all the problems of strengthening of Russia on the Black Sea coast. The Black Sea coastal line consisting of 17 forts was created with this purpose.

On April 21st, 1838 a small wooden fortress was established in the Sochi river area to protect this land from local tribes. It was named Alexandria in honour of emperess Alexandra. It was renamed one year later, on May 18, 1839 and became Navaginskoye. But in 1854, because of the beginning of the Crimean war, the fortress was destroyed by Russian army. Russians left this area. Only 1910 years later, on March 25th, 1864 the new fortress named Dakhovskiy was established on the place of the Navaginskiy fortress.

In 1896 by the decision of the Tsarist government fortress Dakhovskiy was renamed in the settlement of Sochi, after the name of the river Sochi.

In the end of XIX ^th century the Black Sea coast was intensively occupied by the immigrants from central parts of Russia, Moldova, the Ukraine, Byelorussia, Georgia and Armenians and Greeks from Turkey. The Sochi district becomes multinational area of Russian Empire.

In Soviet times Sochi was a quickly developing port, industrial and resort city on the Black Sea. The fast development of the city and construction of modern houses was due to Joseph Stalin's sympathy to this place. Many streets in the center of Sochi look like the center of Moscow built in 30s and 50s.

Until now the favourite residence of Russian Presidents was Bocharov creek (струмок). Ski resorts of Krasnaya polyana, warm blue waters of Black Sea, luxurious tennis courts create irresistable atmosphere around the place.

I guess, I have taken a lot of your attention already. You know yourself what a popular resort is Sochi nowadays. Just buy the ticket and have your suitcases packed!

Vocabulary:

to remind - нагадувати

to turn into - прeвращаться (у що-небудь)

blossom - цвісти

chemical substances - хімічні речовини

iodine - йод

chlorine - хлор

bromine - бром

sulphate сульфат

carbonates - карбонати

sodium - натрій

potassium - калій

to be stretched - бути витягнутим

events - події, заходи

«The Cradle of Mankind» - «колиска людства»

BC (Before Christ) - до н.е.

Asia Minor - п-ів Мала Азія

camp - табір

cave [keiv] - Печера

Bronze era - бронзовий століття

pre-historic - доісторичний

grave structures - могильники

dolmens - дольмени

features - особливості

to weigh - важити

uncertain - неопреленний

construct - зводити, будувати

attract - залучати

invader - загарбник

trade-settlements - торгові поселення, факторії

Byzantynne - Візантія

AD - (Anno Domini) - нашої ери (н.е.)

to conduct - проводити

exit - вихід

peace treaty ['tri: ti] - мирний договір

mouth of the river - гирло річки

weapon - зброя

anchor - якір

cannon - гармата

purpose - мета

fortress - форт, зміцнення

in honour of emperess Alexandra - на честь імператриці Олександри

to be occupied - бути зайнятим, заселеним

due to - завдяки (кому-небудь, чого-небудь)

luxurious - розкішний

irresistible - чарівний

ADD TO YOUR ACTIVE VOCABULARY:

village - село, село

cossack's settlement - козацька станиця

town - невелике місто

suburbs - передмістя

city ​​- велике місто

center of the region - районний центр

capital of the republic - столиця республіки

capital of the federal district - столиця федерального округу

ancient history - давня історія

medieval history - середньовічна історія

Dark Ages - середні століття

Tsarist's Russia - царська Росія

Great October revolution - Велика жовтнева революція

Great Patriotic War - Велика Вітчизняна війна

WWII (World War II) - друга світова війна

soviet times - радянські часи

former USSR - колишній СРСР

c) historical center - історичний центр

cultural center - культурний центр

trade center - торговий центр

transport center - транспортний центр

Exercise 4.1. Translate into English:

1. Моє рідне місто було засновано під час царювання Миколи I.

2. Перше укріплення на місці сучасного Сочі було названо на честь імператриці Олександри.

3. Під час Великої вітчизняної війни німецькі війська двічі захоплювали наше місто.

4. Володимир - один з найдавніших російських міст.

5. М'який клімат і родючі землі завжди привертав загарбників на береги Кубані.

6. Великий російський винахідник Володимир Комаров жив і працював у нашому місті.

7. Сучасний Новоросійськ - це найбільше портове місто на узбережжі Чорного моря.

8. Наше місто є одночасно великим індустріальним та історичним центром регіону.

Exercise 4.2. Answer the following questions:

1. Do you study in your hometown or you just live here while studying?

2. Do you like the city where you study? Why and why not?

3. Do you know the history of your hometown?

4. When was your hometown founded?

5. Do you know any famous people who were born in your hometown?

6. What are the places of interest in your hometown?

7. What is your favourite place in your hometown?

Exercise 4.3. Derive the adjective (прикметник) from the noun (іменник):

• history - historical

• military -

• culture -

• science -

• industry -

• trade -

• agriculture -

• administration -

• politics -

Text B: «ROSTOV-ON-DON»

Rostov-on-Don, the capital of the Southern federal district and Rostov region, is a comparatively young city. Not so long ago Rostovites celebrated its 250 ^th anniversary. The city was founded in 1749 when a custom-house on the Temernik river was set up. According to a legend, Tsar Peter the First tried the water from a spring when he stopped on the right bank of the Don on his way to Azov. He was so pleased with the taste of water that he called the spring «Bogaty istochnik» - Rich spring. The name of the spring gave the name to the street. The water is being bottled now and sold all over the country.

But only years later, after the death of Tsar Peter I, under the rule of Katherine II a fortress was built here. The main purpose of the fortress was to support the customs effectively operating in this trade and transport active region. The fortress was named after Dimitry Rostovsky, the Archbishop of Rostov the Great. The town grew later on, round the walls of the fortress and it was also called «Rostov which lies on the river Don».

Rostov is situated on the right bank of the river Don, not far from the Sea of Azov. Due to its geographical position the city grew rapidly.

After the hard years of the Civil War Rostovites restored the ruined economy of the region.

During the World War II Rostov was occupied by the Germans twice. They destroyed almost all the city. Nowadays Rostov is the largest city in the South of the country. It's a big sea and river port and an important railway junction. Rostov is called «The Gateway to the Caucasus».

The main branch of industry is agricultural machine building. «Rostselmash» is a giant machine building plant producing a lot of agricultural machines. Factories of Rostov produce champagne, cigarettes, musical instruments which are well-known abroad. There is also a big helicopter plant in Rostov.

Rostov is the cultural centre of the Rostov region. There are many educational establishments in Rostov including the Rostov State University founded in Warsaw in 1815. There are six theatres in Rostov (Gorky Drama Theatre, Philharmonic, Puppet Theatre, Theatre of Musical Comedy, Theatre of Young Spectators and Musical Theatre).

There are two museums (Local Lore Museum, Fine Arts Museum), eight stadiums, several Palaces of Culture, a lot of cinemas, libraries, parks and gardens.

Rostov is famous for many prominent people who lived here.

The city is very green. There are a lot of parks in the city. In summer you can see a lot of people on the beach on the left bank of the Don river.

General understanding:

1. What is the status of Rostov-on-Don now?

2. Is Rostov-on-Don an old city?

3. What role did Peter the Great play in the history of Rostov-on-Don?

4. Why did Peter the Great call the spring «rich».

5. When was the first fortress built? How was it called?

GRAMMAR

§ 1. Займенники little і few і займенникові вираження a little і a few.

Займенник little і местоименное вираз a little вживаються з неісчісляемимі іменниками, займенник few і местоименное вираз a few - з обчислюваними:

Give me a little water, please. There is little milk in the bottle.

I have a few friends in Minsk I've got only few pencils in the box.

Займенники few і little означають «мало», а займенникові вираження a few і a little - «трохи».

Much (багато) вживається з неісчісляемимі іменниками, many (багато) - з обчислюваними.

Exercise 4.4. Insert much, many, little, a little, few, a few:

1. I'd like to say ... words about my travelling. 2. She gave him ... water to wash his hands and face. 3. He had ... English books at home, so he had to go to the library. 4. After the lesson everybody felt ... tired. 5. Let's stay here ... longer. I like it here. 6. There were ... new words in the text and Peter spent ... time learning them. 7. There was ... sugar in the bowl, and we had to put ... sugar there. 8. My mother knows German ... and she can help you with the translation of this text. 10. When we walked ... farther down the road we met another group of pupils. 11. Have you got ... time before the lesson?

Exercise 4.5. Translate into English:

Багато зошитів, багато молока, багато води, багато днів, багато газет, багато крейди, багато снігу, багато років, багато картин, багато музики, багато цукру, багато чаю, багато лимонів, багато м'яса, багато кімнат, багато вчителів, багато роботи , багато повітря, багато птахів, багато машин.

Exercise 4.6. Insert much or many:

1. Please don't ask me ... questions. 2. How ... money have you got? 3.1 never eat ... bread with soup. 4. Why did you eat so ... ice-cream? 5. She wrote us ... letters from the country. 6 .... of these students don't like to look up words in the dictionary. 7 .... in this work was too difficult for me. 8. He spent ... time writing his composition in Literature. 9. There were ... plates on the table. 10. Thank you very ... ! 11 .... of my friends are preparing for their entrance examinations now. 12. I don't like ... sugar in my tea.

Exercise 4.7. Translate into English:

1. У склянці є трохи молока. 2. У зошиті залишилося мало чистих сторінок. 3. У тебе багато кави? - Ні, дуже мало. 4. Мало хто з англійців говорять по-російськи. 5. У них тут дуже мало друзів. 6. У нього дуже мало часу для читання. 7. У Петра багато російських книжок і мало англійських книг. 8. У мене є трохи часу ввечері, щоб закінчити цю роботу. 9. Я проводжу багато часу в бібліотеці, тому що я готуюся до іспитів.

§ 2. Оборот there is / there are.

Оборот there is / there are служить для вираження наявності (відсутності) будь-якого предмета в певному місці або в певний час. Форми минулого і майбутнього часу: there was, there were і there will be.

There are some pictures on the wall. На стіні кілька картин.

There was nobody in the room. У кімнаті нікого не було.

Вибір форми дієслова to be залежить від числа іменника, наступного відразу за ним:

There is a chair and two armchairs in the room.

There are two armchairs and a chair in the room. Питальні речення з обігом there is / there are будуються таким чином

Загальне питання: Is there anything in the bag? Will there be lessons tomorrow?

Спеціальний питання: What is there in the bag?

Розділовий питання. There are some pupils in the classroom, aren't there?

Exercise 4.8. Insert to be in the right form:

1.There ... a telegram on the table. 2 .... there any telegrams from Moscow? Yes, there ... some. 3 .... there ... a flight for Moscow tomorrow? Yes, there .... 4. There ... much snow last winter. 5.There ... a lot of stars and planets in space. 6 .... there ... a lift in your future house? Yes, there ....... 7. Some years ago there ... many old houses in our street. 8 .... there any lectures yesterday? No, there ... 9 .... there a lamp over the table? Yes, there .... 10 .... there any interesting stories in this book? 11 .... there a test last lesson? No, there .... 12. Soon there ...... a new film on.

Exercise 4.9. Translate the following sentences and put general questions to them:

1. There are some new pupils in our group. 2. There is no book on the table. 3. There were many old houses in our street. 4. There are 4 seasons in a year. 5. There will be a conference next week. 6. There are many large cities in our country. 7. There was nobody in the room. 8. There are 7 days in a week. 9. There is something on the shelf. 10. There are many places of interest in London. 11. There are many beautiful flowers in our garden. 12. There was much work last week.

Exercise 4.10. Rewrite the following sentences in Past Indefinite and Future Indefinite, translate them into Russian:

1. There is much snow in winter. 2. There are 4 theatres in our city. 3. There is no lift in our house. 4. There are many new books in our library. 5. There is little milk in the bottle. 6. There are 3 rooms in our flat. 7. There is a map on the wall.

UNIT 5

RUSSIA IS MY HOMELAND

I. Голосні звуки [o:], [o], дифтонг [еu].

II. Text A: «The Russian Federation», Text B: «Moscow».

III. § 1. Часи англійського дієслова,

§ 2. Правильні і неправильні дієслова.

Голосний звук [o:] - довгий голосний. Для того, щоб правильно вимовити звук, слід надати органам промови положення, як при вимові звуку [а:], потім значно округлити губи і кілька висунути їх уперед.

Голосний звук [o]. Для того, щоб вимовити, слід виходити з положення органів мови при вимові звуку [а:], потім злегка округлити губи і вимовити короткий звук [е].

Дифтонг [еu]. Звук являє собою щось середнє між російськими звуками [о] і [е]. Губи при проголошенні початку цього дифтонга злегка розтягнуті і округлені. Ковзання відбувається в напрямку голосного [u].

Text A: «THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION»

The Russian Federation is the largest country in the world. It occupies about 1 / 6 of the Earth surface. The country is situated in Eastern Europe, Northern and Central Asia. Its total area is over 17 million square km.

Our land is washed by 12 seas, most of which are the seas of three oceans: the Arctic, the Atlantic and the Pacific. In the south and in the west the country borders on fourteen countries. It also has a sea-border with the USA.

There is hardly a country in the world where such a great variety of flora and fauna can be found as in our land. Our country has numerous forests, plains and steppes, taiga and tundra, highlands and deserts. The highest mountains in our land are the Altai, the Urals and the Caucasus. There are over two thousand rivers in the Russian Federation. The longest of them are the Volga, the Ob, the Yenisei, the Lena and the Amur. Our land is also rich in various lakes with the deepest lake in the world, the Baikal, included.

On the Russian territory there are 11 time zones. The climate conditions are rather different: from arctic and moderate to continental and subtropical. Our country is one of the richest in natural resources countries in the world: oil, natural gas, coal, different ores, ferrous and non-ferrous metals and other minerals.

The Russian Federation is a multinational state. It comprises many national districts, several autonomous republics and regions. The population of the country is about 140 million people.

Moscow is the capital of our Homeland. It is the largest political, scientific, cultural and industrial center of the country and one of the most beautiful cities on the globe. Russian is the official language of the state. The national symbols of the Russian Federation are a white-blue-red banner and a double-headed eagle.

The Russian Federation is a constitutional republic headed by the President. The country government consists of three branches: legislative, executive and judicial. The President controls only the executive branch - the government, but not the Supreme Court and Federal Assembly.

The legislative power belongs to the Federal Assembly comprising two chambers: the Council of Federation (upper Chamber) and the State Duma (lower Chamber). Each chamber is headed by the Speaker. The executive power belongs to the government (the Cabinet of Ministers) headed by the Prime Minister. The judicial power belongs to the system of Courts comprising the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court and federal courts.

Our country has a multiparty system. The largest and most influential political parties are the «Unity», the Communist party, the «Fatherland-All Russia», «The Union of the Right Forces», «The Apple», Liberal-Democratic and some others.

The foreign policy of the Russian Federation is that of international cooperation, peace and friendship with all nations irrespective of their political and social systems.

Vocabulary:

to occupy - займати

surface - поверхня

total area - загальна площа

to border on - межувати з

numerous - численні

steppes - степу

taiga - тайга

highlands - гірські височини

the Urals - Уральські гори

the Caucasus - Кавказ

climate conditions - кліматичні умови

moderate - помірний

ore-руда

ferrous and non-ferrous metals - чорні та кольорові метали

state - держава

to comprise - включати, охоплювати

banner - прапор, прапор

legislative - законодавчий

executive - виконавча

judicial - судова

Federal Assembly - Федеральних Зборів

the Council of Federation - Рада Федерації

State Duma - Державна Дума

Supreme Court - Верховний суд

influential - впливовий

foreign policy - міжнародна політика

irrespective - незалежно

General understanding:

1. Is Russia the largest country in the world?

2. What oceans wash the borders of the Russian Federation?

3. How many countries have borders with Russia?

4. Are Russian flora and fauna various?

5. What are the highest mountains in Russia?

6. What is Baikal famous for?

7. What is the climate in Russia like?

8. What is the national symbol of Russia?

9. What does the Federal Assembly consist of?

10. Who is the head of each Chamber of the Federal Assembly?

Exercise 5.1. Translate into English:

1. Загальна площа Російської федерації становить більше 17 мільйонів кілометрів.

2. У світі навряд чи є ще одна країна з такою різноманітною флорою і фауною.

3. Озеро Байкал - найглибше озеро на земній кулі і служить предметом гордості росіян.

4. На території Російської федерації існує 11 часових поясів.

5. Росія є конституційною республікою з президентською формою правління.

6. Законодавча влада належить Федеральним Зборам, що складається з двох палат.

7. У Російському парламенті представлені такі партії, як «Єдність», КПРФ, "Отечество-Вся Росія», «Яблуко», СПС, ЛДПР.

8. Законодавча і судова влади прямо не підпорядковуються Президенту.

Exercise 5.2. How well do you know your Homeland?

What is (are):

• the biggest Russian lake?

• the longest Russian river (in European and Asian parts of the Russian Federation)?

• a city with subtropical climate?

• cities with arctic climate?

• agricultural regions?

• old historical cities?

• places of recreation and tourism?

Text B: «MOSCOW»

Moscow is the capital and largest city of Russia. It is also the capital of Moscow Oblast, and it stands on the Moskva River. Moscow is the economic, political and cultural centre of Russia. Railways and numerous airlines link the city with all parts of Russia. Navigable waterways, including the Moscow Canal, Moskva River, and Volga-Don Canal, make the port areas of the city directly accessible to shipping from the Baltic, White, Black, and Caspian seas and the Sea of Azov.

Moscow covers an area of about 880 sq.km. Concentric boulevards divide the city into several sections. At the centre of the concentric circles (and semicircles) are the Kremlin, the former governmental seat of Russia, and adjacent Red Square, which form the centre of a radial street pattern. Moscow has a modern underground system famous for its marble-walled stations.

Situated on the north bank of the Moskva River, the Kremlin is the dominant landmark of Moscow. A stone wall, up to 21 m in height and 19 towers, surrounds this triangular complex of former palaces, cathedrals, and other monuments of tsarist times, some of them dating from the Middle Ages. The Great Kremlin Palace, completed in 1849, is the most imposing structure within the Kremlin. Other notable Kremlin palaces are the Granovitaya Palace (1491) and the Terem (1636).

Among many cathedrals, now used mainly as museums, are the Cathedral of the Assumption (Успіння) and the Archangel Cathedral, each with five gilded domes, and the Cathedral of the Annunciation (Благовіщення) (13th-14th century), with nine gilded domes . Another landmark of the Kremlin is the Tower of Ivan the Great, a bell tower 98 m high. On a nearby pedestal is the Tsar's Bell (nearly 200 tons), one of the largest in the world. A recent addition to the Kremlin is the Palace of Congresses, completed in 1961. In this huge modern building were held meetings of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR and congresses of the Communist party of the Soviet Union; theatrical and other artistic performances have been held here as well.

St Basil's Cathedral, famous for its unique architecture and coloured domes, stands at one end of Red Square.

One of the best-known sections of Moscow is the Kitaigorod (Chinese City), the ancient commercial quarter lying to the east of the Kremlin. This section is now the site of many government office buildings. Other points of interest in Moscow include the Central Lenin Stadium, comprising about 130 buildings for various sports and the tall Ostankino TV tower, which contains a revolving restaurant and an observation platform.

General understanding:

1. Where is Moscow located?

2. Is Moscow a port city?

3. How is Moscow divided into sections?

4. What is known about Moscow Underground system?

5. What are the places of interest in Moscow?

6. Why is the Kremlin the most important place of interest for tourists?

7. What Russian Orthodox cathedrals are situated inside the Kremlin?

8. What is Palace of Congresses used for at present time?

Exercise 5.3. Where are these places of interest situated?

* Granovitaya Palace

* Terem

* The Red Square

* The Kremlin

* The Great Kremlin Palace

* The Cathedral of the Assumption

* The Archangel Cathedral

* The Cathedral of the Annunciation

* The Tower of Ivan the Great

* The Tsar's Bell

* The Palace of Congresses

* St Basil's Cathedral

* The Central Lenin Stadium

Exercise 5.4. Please, write a short story about your visit to Moscow. The following questions will certainly help you:

1) Have you ever been to Moscow?

2) If yes, when was it?

3) Was it a business trip or a pleasure tour?

4) Did you fly, take a bus or a train to Moscow?

5) What railway station (airport) did you arrive at?

6) What was your first impression of Moscow?

7) What places of interest have you visited?

8) Where did you stay in Moscow?

9) How long did you stayed in Moscow?

10) Did you enjoy your visit to Moscow?

GRAMMAR

§ 1. Пори англійського дієслова.

Таблиця часових форм дієслова

Дієслова в формах Indefinite (Simple) описують звичайні, повторювані дії як факт - безвідносно до їх тривалості або до результату дії:

I go to school every day. - Я ходжу до школи щодня. У цьому висловлюванні цікавить не час, витрачений на дорогу, не процес руху, не результат походів, а сам факт: я ходжу до школи, а не на роботу.

Те ж саме відноситься до минулого часу і до майбутнього:

I went to school when I was a boy. - Я ходив у школу, коли був хлопчиком.

I shall go to school when I grow up. - Я буду ходити до школи, коли виросту.

Негативна і питальна форми в Indefinite утворюються за допомогою допоміжних дієслів do, does, did з часткою not, коротка форма: don't, doesn't, didn't. Порядок слів прямий. Питальні речення утворюються, як правило, простою перестановкою підлягає і допоміжного дієслова. Питальні займенники при цьому стоять завжди попереду.

Чи не is a student. - Is he a student?

We do not write much. - Do we write much?

You have a computer. - What do you have?

She does not live in Moscow. - Does she live in Moscow?

He didn't like the film. - Did he like the film?

Особливу групу складають роз'єднувальні питання, які переводяться як затвердження плюс «не так?» Вони застосовні до будь-якого часу. Наприклад:

You speak English, don't you? Ви говорите по-англійськи, чи не так?

Але: Let us speak English, shall we? Давайте говорити по-англійськи, добре?

§ 2. Правильні і неправильні дієслова.

За способом утворення минулого часу дієслова в англійській мові можна розділити на дві групи: правильні і неправильні. У правильних дієслів друга і третя форми (Past Indefinite Tense і Past Participle - простий минулий час і дієприкметник минулого часу) збігаються між собою і утворюються шляхом додавання до основи дієслова закінчення-ed (-d):

to ask - asked, to change - changed, to receive - received, to work-worked

При цьому існує ряд особливостей:

а) якщо дієслово закінчується на-у з попередньої приголосної, то буква у змінюється на i і додається закінчення-ed

to supply - supplied, to apply - applied

якщо дієслово закінчується на-у з попередньою голосною, то буква у не змінюється і додається закінчення -Ed

to stay - stayed to play - played

б) якщо дієслово закінчується на приголосну з попереднім коротким голосним звуком, то згодна на кінці подвоюється:

to stop - stopped

Після дзвінких приголосних і голосних звуків закінчення-ed або-d вимовляється як [d] loved, said, а після глухих приголосних як [t] looked.

Після звуків [d] та [t] на кінці слова закінчення-ed (-d) вимовляється як [id] landed, started.

Неправильні дієслова утворюють другу і третю форми різними способами, без чітких правил. Це найбільш часто вживані дієслова.

Дієслова в формах Continuous описують дію як процес, як тривалість - у співвіднесеності з певним моментом минулого, сьогоденні або майбутньому:

I am reading a book now. - Я читаю книгу (зараз, в даний момент).

I was reading a book yesterday at 5 o'clock. - Я читав книгу вчора о 5 годині.

I will be reading a book tomorrow at 7 o'clock. - Я буду читати книгу завтра о сьомій годині.

Крім цієї функції, дієслова в Present Continuous Tense висловлюють дію, віднесене в найближче майбутнє:

We are leaving for Moscow in July. - Ми їдемо в Москву в липні.

Дієслова в формах Perfect висловлюють дію завершене, що призвело до певного результату (або до відсутності результату). Можна сказати, що за допомогою форм Perfect ми підводимо підсумки певного періоду часу, певних дій. Час підведення підсумків - або зараз Present Perfect, або момент у минулому Past Perfect, або - в майбутньому Future Perfect.

I have written the letter. (Present Perfect) - Я (тільки що) написав листа (переді мною лист як результат).

I had written the letter when he came. (Past Perfect) - Я написав листа, коли він прийшов. (2 дії, одне завершилося раніше іншого)

I will have written the letter by 10 o'clock tomorrow. (Future Perfect) - Я напишу листа до 10 години завтpa. (Дія завершиться до певного моменту часу в майбутньому).

Exercise 5.5. Open the brackets:

1. He (know) several foreign languages.

2. I (learn) English at school.

3. Usually the train (leave) at 10 o'clock.

4. Our grandparents (live) now in Moscow.

5. He (visit) them regularly last year.

6. As a rule I (go) to my Academy by bus.

7. She (work) abroad next year.

8. She (not like) poems.

9. Your children usually (ask) many questions.

10. At present he (work) at school.

11. My brother (like) music.

12. What you (do) yesterday?

13. His sister (go) to the seaside next July.

14. Soon we (leave) the school.

15. Who (take) his book yesterday?

Exercise 5.6. Put the verb to write in the appropriate form:

1. We often ... letters to our parents.

2. What ... you ... now?

3. Yesterday they ...... tests from 10 till 12 o'clock.

4. Who ...... this letter tomorrow?

5. I. ..... some letters last week.

6. What ... you ... tomorrow at 10?

7. When I came in she ...... a letter.

8. Do you often ... letters to your parents?

9. I. .. not ... this article now. I. ..... it in some days.

10 .... he ... his report at the moment?

11. What ... she ... in the evening yesterday?

12. As a rule he ... tests well.

Exercise 5.7. Put the verbs in brackets in the right form:

1. Peter and Ann (go) away five minutes ago. 2. I (write) the letter but I (not send) it. 3. He just (go) away. 4. She already (answer) the letter. 5. She (answer) it on Tuesday. 6. I just (tell) you the answer. 7. I (read) that book in my summer holidays. 8. The greengrocer (sell) now all his vegetables. 9. He (sell) all of them half an hour ago. 10. I (not see) him for three years. I (be) glad to see him again some time. 11. What you (do)? I (copy) the text from the text-book now. 12. He (go) to Moscow next week? 13. He (not smoke) for a month. He is trying to give it up. 14. When he (arrive)? - He (arrive) at 2:00. 15. You (switch off) the light before you left the house? 16. I (read) these books when I was at school. I (like) them very much. 17. I can't go out because I (not finish) my work. 18. I already (tell) you the answer yesterday. 19. What you (do) tomorrow in the morning? 20. I (not meet) him last week. 21. I usually (leave) home at seven and (get) here at twelve. 22. Here is your watch. I just (find) it. 23. You (not have) your breakfast yet?

Exercise 5.8. Translate into English. Pay attention to the Tense used:

1. Я ніколи про це не чув. 2. Хлопчикові лише чотири роки, але він вже навчився читати. 3. Ви вже переїхали на нову квартиру? 4. Ви зробили багато помилок в диктанті. 5. Ви коли-небудь бачили цього письменника? 6. У цьому місяці я прочитав дві нові книги. 7. Мій приятель поїхав до Києва тиждень тому і ще не писав мені. 8. Я не бачив свого брата за останній час. 9. Ви читали сьогодні в газеті статтю про наш новий театрі? 10. Ви були коли-небудь в Лондоні? - Ні, я поїду туди в цьому році. 11. Ви вже прочитали цю книгу? - Як вона вам сподобалася? 12. Я хотів подивитися цей фільм минулого тижня, але зміг подивитися його тільки вчора. 13. У цьому році я збираюся вступати в інститут. 14. Ваш син уже закінчив інститут? 15. Його дочка закінчила школу торік.

Exercise 5.9. Translate into English:

1. Він писав листа, коли я прийшов до нього. 2. Він робив свою роботу, поки його брати грали у футбол. 3. Я впав, коли біг за автобусом. 4. Ми робили уроки, коли пішов дощ. 5. Коли вчитель давав урок, нова учениця увійшла в клас. 6. Коли задзвонив телефон, я працював у саду. 7. Я побачив своїх однокласників, коли я йшов по вулиці. 8. Почався дощ, коли ми спостерігали за грою.

Exercise 5.10. Put the verbs in brackets in the right form. Use Past Tenses:

1. When I (arrive) the lecture already (start). 2. Peter (sit) in a dark room with a book. I told him that he (read) in very bad light. 3. Mother (make) a cake when the light (go) out. She had to finish it in the dark. 4. When I arrived Jenny (leave), so we only had time for a few words. 5. John (have) a bath when the phone rang. He (get) out of the bath and (go) to answer it. 6. When we (come) to the airport, the plane already (land). 7. He suddenly (realize) that he (travel) in the wrong direction. 8. You looked very busy when I saw you last night. What you (do)? 9. I (call) Paul at 7.00 but it wasn't necessary because he already (get) up. 10. When I (see) him he (cross) the street. 11. While he (water) the flowers it (begin) to rain. 12. Ann said that she (be) on holiday. I (say) that I (hope) that she (enjoy) herself. 13. When I (look) through your books I (notice) that you (have) a copy of Jack London. 14. She said that she (not like) her present flat and (try) to find another. 15. When Ann (finish) her homework she (turn) on TV.

Exercise 5.11. Define the Tense and translate into English:

1. Вчора о 9 годині вечора я дивився телевізор. 2. Вона сказала, що ще не виконала домашнє Exercise. 3. Коли прийшов мій друг, я ще не закінчив снідати. 4. Коли я зустрів її вперше, вона працювала в школі. 5. Всі студенти виконали Exercise правильно після того, як викладач розповів їм, як його робити. 6. Коли ми вийшли на вулицю, яскраво світило сонце. 7. Мій друг сказав, що його брат вже приїхав. 8. Я читав книгу, коли почув телефонний дзвінок. 9. Після того, як лікар оглянув хворого, він поговорив з його родичами. 10. Коли ми прийшли на зупинку, автобус вже поїхав. 11. Він дивився телевізор, коли прийшов його друг. 12. Листоноша зазвичай приходить о дев'ятій годині ранку. Зараз вже пів на десяту, а він все ще не прийшов. 13. Кожен вечір я дивлюся телевізор. 14. Службовці закінчують роботу о шостій годині вечора. 15. Хіба вона не знала про це? 16. Хіба ви не бачили цей фільм? 17. Вона ще не брала свого маленького сина в театр, але вже водила його в кіно в перший раз кілька днів тому. 18. Він зазвичай дуже уважно слухає вчителя, але зараз він не слухає, у нього болить голова. 19. Я не грав у футбол з минулого року. 20. Маленька дівчинка часто допомагає своїй матері. 21. Автор ще молода людина. Він написав свою першу книгу в 1989 році. 22. Зараз 8 годині ранку і дитина вже прокинувся. Вчора вранці він прокинувся раніше. 23. У школі він грав у футбол.

Exercise 5.12. Put in the appropriate words from the list:

1. ... I go to the Institute by bus.

1. I do my morning exercises ...

2. We shall have invited you ...

3. Who has seen him ...?

4. He had worked here ...

5. ... the plant was producing new machines.

6. We have ... done our work.

7. What are you doing ...?

8. He was going home ...

9. Will you have read the book ...?

10. Did you see them ...?

11. We translated this text ....