Лекції
(Короткий курс)
Основні правила для початківців
Кафедра іноземних мов
АНГЛІЙСЬКА МОВА
(Короткий курс)
Основні правила для початківців
Кафедра іноземних мов
АНГЛІЙСЬКА МОВА
Unit 1
1. Особисті займенники
2. Дієслово to be в простому теперішньому часі
Короткі відповіді на питання
Ex.1 Скласти пропозиції:
3. The Present Indefinite Tense (просте даний час)
Короткі відповіді на питання
Ex. 7 Складіть пропозиції:
4. The Present Continuous Tense (справжнє продовжений час)
Короткі відповіді на питання
5. Артиклі
Невизначений артикль - визначений артикль
Дві форми неозначеного артикля
6. Присвійні займенники
.
7. Об'єктний відмінок особових займенників
8. Конструкція there is / there are
Unit 2
1. Модальний дієслово can
2. Модальний дієслово Should
3. The Past Indefinite Tense (просте що минув час)
4. Простий минулий час дієслова to be
5. Три форми неправильних дієслів
6. Вживання many, much, a lot of, few, little, a few, a little
7. The Future Indefinite Tense (просте майбутнє час)
8. Модальний дієслово may
Ex. 13 Переведіть на російську мову:
1. May I come in?
2. May I see the menu, please?
3. May I take your earphones?
4. May I wait here?
5. May I listen to the song once more?
6. May I have my passport back, please?
7. May I join you?
8. May I cash the cheque here?
Ex. 14 розіграйте наступний і складіть аналогічні діалоги:
- May I have my ticket back please?
- Yes, certainly, here you are.
- Thank you.
9. Вираз прохання
-
10. Модальний дієслово must
Порівняйте: must - should
Words
Words
Unit 3
1. The Present Perfect Tense (справжнє досконале час)
2. Пасивний стан простого сьогодення і минулого часу
3. Пасивного стану (продовження)
1. Особисті займенники
| Єдине число | Множина |
| I - я you - ти he - він she - вона it - він, вона, воно (про неживі предмети) | we - ми you - ви they - вони |
| Стверджувальна форма | Питальні форма | Негативна форма |
| I am (I'm) in Kiev. You are (you're) in Kiev. He (she) is (he's, she's) in Kiev. We are (we're) in Kiev. You are (you're) in Kiev. They are (they're) in Kiev. | Am I in Kiev? Are you in Kiev? Is he (she) in Kiev? Are we in Kiev? Are you in Kiev? Are they in Kiev? | I am not (I'm not) in Kiev. You are not (aren't) in Kiev. He (she) is not (isn't) in Kiev. You are not (aren't) in Kiev. You are not (aren't) in Kiev. They are not (aren't) in Kiev. |
| - Are you in London? - Is he (she) in London? - Are they in London? | - Yes, I am. - No, I am not (I'm not). - Yes, he (she) is. - No, he (she) is not (isn't). - Yes, they are. - No, they are not (aren't). |
Ex.1 Скласти пропозиції:
| 1. I He She We You They | 'Re 'S 'M aren't 'M not isn't | a teacher a businessman in Moscow in Russia Russian Ukranian |
| 2. Are Am Is | he she you we I | in Moscow? a businessman? Estonian? in Minsk? a teacher of English? |
3. The Present Indefinite Tense (просте даний час)
| Стверджувальна форма | Питальні форма | Негативна форма |
| I work on Omsk. You work in Omsk. He (she) works in Omsk. We work in Omsk. You work in Omsk. They work in Omsk. | Do I work in Omsk? Do you work in Omsk? Does he (she) work in Omsk? Do we work in Omsk? Do you work in Omsk? Do they work in Omsk? | I do not (don't) work in Omsk. You do not (don't) work in Omsk. he (she) does not (doesn't) work in Omsk. We do not (don't) work in Omsk. You do not (don't) work in Omsk. They do not (don't) work in Omsk. |
| - Do you live in Ottawa? - Does he (she) live in Ottawa? - Do they live in Ottawa? | - Yes, I do. - No, I do not (don't) - Yes, he (she) does. - No, he (she) does not (doesn't). - Yes, they do. - No, they do not (don't). |
Ex. 7 Складіть пропозиції:
| 1. You I he She We They | live works speaks speak don't work doesn't speak don't live doesn't work | English in Moscow in Russia Russian in Novosibirsk | |
| 2. Do Does | she we he they you | work live speak | in Tumenj? in Moscow? English? Russian? German? French? |
4. The Present Continuous Tense (справжнє продовжений час)
| Стверджувальна форма | Питальні форма | Негативна форма |
| I am learning English. You are (you're) learning English. He (she) is learning English. We are (we're) learning English. | Am I learning English? Are you learning English? Is he (she) learning English? Are we learning English? | I am not (I'm not) learning English. You are not (aren't) learning English. He (she) is not (isn't) learning English. We are not (aren't) learning English. |
| - Are you learning French? - Is he (she) learning French? - Are they learning French? | - Yes, I am. - No, I am not (I'm not). - Yes, he (she) is. - No, he (she) is not (isn't). - Yes, they are. - No, they are not (aren't). |
5. Артиклі
| He is a visitor. They are __ visitors. The visitor is in the office. The visitors are __ English teachers. Артиклі не вживаються: 1. якщо перед іменником є присвійні займенники It is my office. 2. перед більшістю назв країн He lives in France. 3. перед іменами людей My name is Ann. My name is Ann Brown. 5. перед іменниками, після яких йде номер або індекс Lesson One, Unit Two 6. в деяких комбінаціях to go on business, to be on business |
| Невизначений артикль вживається з іменниками в однині: It is an office. It is a big office. | Певний артикль вживається з іменниками в однині та множині: He is at the office now. They are at the offices now. |
| a | an |
| a man a lesson | an office an Englishman |
6. Присвійні займенники
| Особисті займенники | Відповідні присвійні займенники |
| I you he she it we you they | my your his her its our your their |
7. Об'єктний відмінок особових займенників
| Особисті займенники | Присвійні займенники | Об'єктний відмінок особових займенників |
| I you he she it we you they | my your his her its our your their | me you him her it us you them |
8. Конструкція there is / there are
| Стверджувальна форма | Питальні форма - короткі відповіді | Негативна форма |
| There is a chair in the corner. There are two chairs in the corner. | Is there a chair in the corner? - Yes, there is (one). - No, there isn't any. Are there any chairs in the corner? - Yes, there are some. - No, there aren't any. | There is no chair in the corner. There isn't any chair in the corner. There are no chairs in the corner. There aren't any chairs in the corner. |
Unit 2
1. Модальний дієслово can
| I can drive. I cannot drive. Can you drive? Can you come tomorrow? Can you bring us the bill, please? Can I have the bill, please? Can I see the menu, please? | Я можу (вмію) водити машину. Я не вмію водити машину. Ви можете (умієте) водити машину, Ви можете (не можете) прийти завтра? Ви не принесете рахунок? Ви можете принести рахунок, Принесіть, будь ласка, рахунок. Можна подивитися меню? |
| Стверджувальна форма | Питальні форма | Негативна форма |
| I can meet him. You can meet him. He (she) can meet him. We can meet him. You can meet him. They can meet him. | Can I meet him? Can you meet him? Can he (she) meet him? Can we meet him? Can you meet him? Can they meet him? | I cannot (can't) meet him. You cannot (can't) meet him. He (she) cannot (can't) meet him. We cannot (can't) meet him. You cannot (can't) meet him. They cannot (can't) meet him. |
2. Модальний дієслово Should
| 1. You should wait a little. 2. You should not smoke so much. | Ви повинні трохи почекати. (Вам слід трохи почекати.) Ви не повинні так багато курити. (Вам не варто так багато курити.) |
3. The Past Indefinite Tense (просте що минув час)
| Стверджувальна форма | Питальні форма | Негативна форма |
| I opened the door. You opened the door. He (she) opened the door. We opened the door. You opened the door. They opened the door. | Did I open the door? - Yes, I did. - No, I did not (didn't). Did you open the door? - Yes, you did. - No, you did not (didn't). Did he (she) open the door? - Yes, he (she) did. - No, he (she) did not (didn't). Did we open the door? - Yes, we did. - No, we did not (didn't). Did you open the door? - Yes, you did. - No, you did not (didn't). Did they open the door? - Yes, they did. - No, they did not (didn't). | I did not (didn't) open ... You did not (didn't) open ... He (she) did not (didn't) open ... We did not (didn't) open ... You did not (didn't) open ... They did not (didn't) open ... |
| Стверджувальна форма | Питальні форма | Негативна форма |
| I was hungry. You were hungry. He (she) was hungry. We were hungry. You were hungry. They were hungry. | Was I hungry? - Yes, I was. - No, I was not (wasn't). Were you hungry? - Yes, you were. - No, you were not (weren't). Was he (she) hungry? - Yes, he (she) was. - No, he (she) was not (wasn't). Were we hungry? - Yes, we were. - No, we were not (weren't). Were you hungry? - Yes, you were. - No, you were not (weren't). Were they hungry? - Yes, they were. - No, they were not (weren't). | I was not (wasn't) hungry. You were not (weren't) hungry. He (she) was not (wasn't) hungry. We were not (weren't) hungry. You were not (weren't) hungry. They were not (weren't) hungry. |
| Інфінітив | Простий минулий час | Причастя |
| To become To bring To buy (Can) To come To drive To fly To get To give To go To have To hear To hold To keep To leave (May) To meet To put To read To see To sell To send To show To sit To speak To take To understand To write | Became Brought Bought Could Came Drove Flew Got Gave Went Had Heard Held Kept Left Might Met Put Read Saw Sold Sent Showed Sat Spoke Took Understood Wrote | Become Brought Bought - Come Driven Flown Got Given Gone Had Heard Held Kept Left - Met Put Read Seen Sold Sent Shown Sat Spoken Taken Understood Written |
6. Вживання many, much, a lot of, few, little, a few, a little
| Many - багато A lot of - багато Few - мало A few - кілька Вживаються з обчислювальними іменниками | Much - багато A lot of - багато Little - мало A little - трохи Вживаються з неісчісляемимі іменниками |
| Числені іменники | Неісчісляемие іменники |
| Table Restaurant Bill Letter Briefcase | Food Soup Wine Coffee Luggage |
| Many - a lot of - few - a few | Much - a lot of - little - a little |
| He hasn't got many friends. There are very many letters on the table. There are a lot of letters on the desk. There are a few letters on the desk. | He hasn't got much information. There is much wine in the bottle. There is a lot of information in the little. There is a little wine in the bottle. |
7. The Future Indefinite Tense (просте майбутнє час)
| Стверджувальна форма | Питальні форма | Негативна форма |
| I will (I'll) learn French. You will (you'11) learn ... He (she) will (he'll, she'll) learn ... We will (we'11) learn ... You will (you'11) learn ... They will (they'll) learn ... | Will I learn ...? Will you learn ...? Will he (she) learn ...? Will we learn ...? Will you learn ...? Will they learn ...? | I will not (won't) learn ... You will not (won't) learn ... He (she) will not (won't) learn ... We will not (won't) learn ... You will not (won't) learn ... They will not (won't) learn ... |
8. Модальний дієслово may
| May I have the bill, please? | Можна отримати рахунок? |
1. May I come in?
2. May I see the menu, please?
3. May I take your earphones?
4. May I wait here?
5. May I listen to the song once more?
6. May I have my passport back, please?
7. May I join you?
8. May I cash the cheque here?
Ex. 14 розіграйте наступний і складіть аналогічні діалоги:
- May I have my ticket back please?
- Yes, certainly, here you are.
- Thank you.
9. Вираз прохання
| Дієслова | Приклади |
| Can May Will | Bring my bill, please. Can you bring my bill, please? May I have my bill, please? Will you bring, my bill, please? |
10. Модальний дієслово must
| I must drive tonight. I must go home now. | Я повинен вести машину сьогодні. Я повинен зараз іти додому. |
Порівняйте: must - should
| must should | I must read this book. Я повинен обов'язково прочитати цю книгу. You should read this book. Ви повинні (я Вам раджу) прочитати цю книгу. |
Words
| 1. dear [diə] Dear Sirs ... 2. to inform [info: m] To inform ... of Please, inform us of the name of the hotel. 3. February [februəri] In February He is coming to Moscow in February. 4. to begin [bigin] 5. talks [to: ks] He is having talks now. 6. to make [meik] To make a reservation at the hotel 7. let us know ... 8. necessary [nesisəri] 9. cooperation [˛ koupərei ∫ n] Thank you for your cooperation. 10. yours [jo: z] 11. faithfully [feiθfuli] Yours faithfully, ... | дорогою Шановні панове ... (ввічлива форма звернення на початку ділового листа) повідомляти повідомляти будь-кому про що-небудь (в офіційних документах) просимо повідомити назву готелю. Лютий у лютому Він приїжджає до Москви в лютому. починати переговори Він нині на переговорах. робити забронювати номер в готелі Дайте нам знати ... Повідомте нам ... необхідний співробітництво Дякуємо Вам за допомогу. ваш, ваша, ваші (вживається без подальшого іменника) вірно, віддано З повагою ... (заключна фраза в ділових листах) |
Words
| 1. to regret [rigret] I regret to say ... 2. to reserve [rizə: v] 3. accommodation [ə ˛ komədei ∫ n] to reserve (hotel) accommodation for somebody 4. to book (up) We are booked up. 5. available [əveiləbl] This book is not available. 6. national [næ ∫ ənl] 7. processor [prəsesə] word processor 8. association [ə ˛ sousiei ∫ ən] 9. to hold [hould] 10. convention [kənven ∫ ən] 11. during [djuəriŋ] during the revolution during the interval 12 surely [∫ uəli] As you will surely understand ... 13. They have to reserve ... 14. possible [posibl] as many rooms as possible as soon as possible 15. member [membə] a member of Parliament 16. to propose [prəpouz] We propose to discuss this problem. 17. to postpone [poustpoun] 18. safely [seifli] safe 19. to hope [houp] 20. to suit [sju: t] We hope this will suit you. 21. to look forward to ... 22. to hear from somebody 23. We look forward to hearing from you. | шкодувати На жаль, повинен сказати ... резервувати, бронювати приміщення, житло бронювати номер у готелі для кого-небудь резервувати, приймати замовлення Всі місця заброньовані. доступний, наявний у розпорядженні, готівковий Цю книгу не можна дістати. національний процесор текстовий процесор суспільство, асоціація проводити (збори, нарада, мітинг) збори, з'їзд протягом, в продовження, під час під час революції під час перерви звичайно, неодмінно (американського розмовне) Як Ви, звичайно, розумієте ... Вони змушені бронювати ... можливий, імовірний стільки кімнат, скільки можливо як можна швидше член член парламенту пропонувати Ми пропонуємо обговорити це питання. відкладати надійно, з упевненістю неушкоджений, збережений сподіватися устоювати, підходити Сподіваємося, Вам це пройде. з інтересом чекати ... отримувати звістки, лист від кого-небудь З нетерпінням чекаємо (від Вас) відповіді. |
1. The Present Perfect Tense (справжнє досконале час)
| Стверджувальна форма | Питальні форма | Негативна форма |
| I have (I've) seen this film. You have (you've) seen this film. He (she) has seen this film. We have (we've) seen this film. You have (you've) seen this film. They have (they've) seen this film. | Have I seen this film? Have you seen this film? Has he (she) seen-this film? Have we seen this film? Have you seen this film? Have they seen this film? | I have not (I haven't) seen this film. You have not (you haven't) seen this film. He (she) has not (hasn't) seen this film. We have not (haven't) seen this film. You have not (haven't) seen this film. They have not (haven't) seen this film. |
2. Пасивний стан простого сьогодення і минулого часу
| Дійсний заставу | Пасивний стан |
| We enclose a catalogue with this letter. We enclose catalogues with this letter. | A catalogue is enclosed with this letter. До цього листа додається (прикладений) каталог. Catalogues are enclosed with this letter. До цього листа додаються (включені) каталоги. |
| We enclosed a catalogue with this letter. We enclosed catalogues with this letter. | A catalogue was enclosed with this letter. До цього листа було докладено (додавався) каталог. Catalogues were enclosed with this letter. До цього листа було докладено (додавалися, доклали) каталоги. |
3. Пасивного стану (продовження)
| Просте майбутній час | We will quote this price. We will not quote this price. | This price will be quoted. This price will not be quoted. |
| Ця доконаний час | We have already quoted this price. We have not quoted this price yet. | This price has already been quoted. This price has not been quoted yet. |
| can | We can quote a lower price. We cannot quote a lower price. | A lower price can be quoted. A lower price cannot be quoted. |